GI Jane Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GI Jane - Movie Review ExampleAs a dark blue topographic analyst, ONeil was determined to prove that women would be able to adhere to the rigorous training, where yet men reportedly fail.The require shows the manner by which ONeil struggled to emphasize and prove that she can stick with with all the physical, emotional and mental demands of the training. Shaving her hair to ultimately depict her demand to be do by as a soldier, not as a woman, ONeil braved exerting her physical limits under different hold up conditions doing push-ups under ice-cold surf, training under the rain, crawling through muddy ground, being resourceful for nourishment from trash, and being subjected to all sorts of physical torture (getting punched, kicked, shot at). ONeil was also constantly being mentally and emotionally barraged by her drill trainer, Master Chief John James Urgayle, portrayed by Viggo Mortensen. callable to ONeils remarkable persistence and success within weeks of training, she was termed G.I. Jane by the civilian mediaThe climax of the film finally tests ONeils preparedness to go into combat through a mission in Libya where she commandeered a platoon to rescue a team of U.S. Rangers who were set to recover a satellite with plutonium that sink into the Libyan dessert. ONeils skills and leadership enabled her and the team to rescue her Master Chief who got injured and, therefore, rendered her summa cum laude to be accepted among the Navy SEALs.The clearly explicit backdrop of gender discrimination in the Navy was the ultimate example that formed the plot of the film.The initial recruitment of ONeil in the program was a form of test to prove that women can indeed succeed in the rigorous training predominantly dominated and passed by men only.Another example of discrimination is the initial perception of the male trainees on ONeil, who sneered and expected her failure just because of her gender. The stereotyped perception

Leadership Skills and Acquisition of Feedback Research Paper

Leadership Skills and learning of Feedback - Research Paper ExampleIn conformism to Witherspoon, military rating of individual employees perceptions leads to the substantiatement of revelations concerning the crapforce. Through hypercritical evaluation approaches, there is evidence that different employees are capable of deciphering knowledgeable feedback from the management in accordance with levels of intelligence, experience, and other demographic variables. The implementations are that a leader needs to go through evaluation of cognitive and behavioural patterns exhibited by each employee since they shall derive the desired relationships towards achieving the long-range goals and objectives. The argument emanates from the advantageous approach, which shall enable the management to establish leadership credentials of deploying effective team management characteristics (Silverman, Pagson, & Caber, 2013). At the problem identification stage, the management outlines the variou s(a) stages of failure for the personnel while undertaking their daily course of tasks, and emphasized on the model approaches that shall pamper the delivery of positive feedback prior to execution tasks. Everyone that has skills in leadership management is knowledgeable about the impressiveness of addressing individual employees in accordance to their behavioral characteristics. Further, it is evident that managers with the ability evaluate employees therefore enabling organizations to benefit teamwork. The cognitive process of effective team and performance management intrigues in the critical analysis and evaluation of different management practices as denoted by Witherspoon and Silverman amongst others. Ultimately, the leadership approach to assessing individuals in the organization settles on evaluating the special(a) practices, and the composition of the workforce in the organizations (Cannon &Witherspoon, 2005). Reflecting on my feedback to the candidate done through ran dom exchange of work with peers My colleagues argue out that all leaders must engage in teambuilding to ensure performance of tasks thus being assured of the acquisition of the set goals and objectives in the end. The employee tally determines the valuable outcomes of the research since the management should ensure a precise study without conflicting the companies workforce. Provision of feedback As the leader After the companys immensity into evaluating the vitality feedback, I seek to use my leadership position in addressing the salient usance of implementing strategies that will hold everyone in the organization accountable for his tasks. However, it is certain that feedback may not serve to the defy of conflicts and poor performances it is evident that the approach is salient to the gradual improvement of the organization. Therefore, there will be found information in provision to all employees in order to address the issue of unexpected conflicts, and lassitude in the perfo rmance of duties (Silverman, Pagson, & Caber, 2013). Initially, the management perceived that the unbearable employee conflicts emanated from the prevailing management styles.

Project Management 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

mould Management 8 - Essay ExampleChange process always aims at improving the operations of business organizations. Correction of spelling error in the name of products is very important because it ensures that customers do non get confused or doubtful when purchasing our products. Correct spelling creates an idea that the company pays guardianship to details in each aspects of making products. Quality of products must be assured through the localize and accurate packaging packaging is very important because it is what the customer analyzes first when purchasing a product, therefore, all packaging characteristics including the spellings must be correct (Western Electric Company, 2007). The tincture assurance department should be built with adequate technical knowledge this is because the department is tasked with ensuring flawless performance processes from raw material acquisition, product manufacturing, and eventually packaging. The employees of Winsome must be encouraged to ensure production of superior products through the spirit of teamwork which ensures hard-hitting achievement of overall product objectives. The production process should be automated to ensure consistency in quality of products.The wobble process will have an immediate implication in the financial budget. This is because the change programs will utilize financial resources. Correcting the spelling errors on the packages will involve producing new and correct packages which is a costly affair. Setting up an effective quality assurance sector can involve the hiring of quality experts hence the wage bill will increase (Shewhart, 2011).Effective human relation approaches ensures sound on the job(p) relations among employees, and also teamwork. Employees should not threaten to report coworkers to superior any mistake in the production process should be discussed (Feigenbaum, 2009). This is where teamwork comes in because employees work together in solving

Product Life Cycle and Consumer Loyalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Product Life Cycle and Consumer Loyalty - Essay Example at that place are four basic stages in a products life cycle introductory, growth, maturity, and decline. The Pantene Pro-V line, which has been around for many years, is in the mature stage of the product life cycle. As author Allan Reddy notes, the underlying objective is to capture veritable commercialize share in the introductory stage and harvest profits during maturity stage (1994, p. 53). in that location are several ways that a company can develop customer loyalty bit seeking to gain profits from a mature product. First, the company can enhance the features of its product so that it doesnt stay static. With Pantene Pro-V, Proctor and Gamble has developed a large number of variations targeting consumers who color their hair, or by focusing product innovation on specific segments of the market along demographic lines. A maker can also lower the price of the mature product since the initial marketing costs pretend bee n recovered and competition has likely increased. Further, the company can enhance its distribution strategies through added incentives and intensifying its efforts in successful segments. Finally, the company can use a promotional emphasis to demonstrate their enhancements and recover market share by distinguishing these developments against the competition.

Features of Employment Relations Systems and their Impact on the Essay

Features of trade traffic Systems and their Impact on the Position of Women in fatigue Markets - Essay ExampleReduced levels of unemployment indicated that few households lacked a working adult. During this period, most of those working in different institutions were high school drop- extincts with an estimated one(a) third of the chalk up population of the United Kingdom working in the manufacturing and agricultural industries. However, the 21st century has seen none of the supra features in still existence in many economies across the globe. Most, if not all jobs are direct evenly distributed across all genders with a host of households in each country having more than one member in the labour force. On the contrary, the steady rise in unemployment rates is an indicator that in that location are a chip of families in which no member is employed or has a expressed job. An increase in education and improved formal structures for learning has seen a rise in the number of high school graduates and college/university graduates as hale hence an increased mass of human resources available to the market. In addition, the emergence of other fields and or industries, for instance, finance, business services as well as quality management, building and construction services has resulted in the creation of more stable jobs than the manufacturing and agricultural sector could provide. ... The Employment Relationship An employee relations system can be referred to as a legal concept employ by organizations and or institutions in different countries gentlemans gentlemanwide to refer to the relationship between an employer and their employees for whom the employees perform original activities (work) under defined procedures and conditions but in return for salary and or wages. Employee relations help the employer and the employee to interject up or develop obligations and rights to govern the performance of both the employee and the employer towards the success of their respective organizations and or institutions. everyplace period, this tool has acted as a medium through which employees gain access to various benefits, obligations and rights that are relate to employment with respect to social security and laws of labour. According to Verma (2003), an employee relations system is the key point of elongation for determining the nature and extent of employers rights and obligations towards their employees. (p. 519). Today, intense changes are taking place in the contemporary world of work with particular concern on the labour market. These changes have led to subsequent emergence of smart types or rather forms of employment relationships. As a result, market flexibility has been increased as well as an increase in the number of employees uncertain of their status of employment and thus falling out of the normal protection scope of employment relationships. This is a challenge that is described by the International Labour Offices Direc tor as follows The State has a key role to play in creating an enabling institutional framework to balance the need for flexibility for enterprises and security for workers in meeting the ever-changing demands of a global economy. At

Michael Eisner's Walt Disney company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Michael Eisners Walt Disney company - Essay ExampleBased on his interest in cartoons, Walt entered into a confederacy to form Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists, an initiative that made Disney develop an interest in the work of animation. To advance in his new career, Walt decided to borrow a camera from an advertising company, which encouraged him do develop yet interest in Animation. Based on this drive, he managed to create the Laugh-O-Gram Studios. As his interest advanced in the field of animation, he opted to establish his firm after forming an agreement with Frank Newman to play the cartoons that Disney made in his theatre (Wasko, 2013).Initially, Laugh-O-Gram Studios became relatively big before going bankrupt in Kansas City. A mouse, Mickey, inspired Oswald fundament later on. This resulted in the phrase It All Started with a Mouse. However, after Disney lost the rights he had in Oswald, he embarked on the road to creating his unique character, the Mickey Mouse. During this time, Technicolor was taking shape in the industry, making it possible for Walt to portray additional characters in his work. He won an award in 1932 after Mickey emerged as the virtually common cartoon in the animation history (Wasko, 2013).Driven by the urge to create a full film, Disney initiated working on Snow White in 1934. He accomplished this initiative in 1937. This emerged as one of the highly successful film for 1938, which fetched more than $8 million for the company. Presently, this figure is alike to $132,671,390. After the success of Snow White, Disney embarked on a path to create Fantasia and Pinocchio. With the growth of Disney, Walt went to Hollywood and set up the Walt Disney Studio before it went into debt. Here, although movies would not be considered as financially successful in the case of Disney, they had whatever degree of popularity (Wasko, 2013).Furthermore, during the World War II era, Disney was

Leadership and Financial Goal Setting of Top SMEs Dissertation

leaders and Financial Goal Setting of Top SMEs - Dissertation ExampleExplanationIt is good to study on this vanquish because there will be additional knowledge on how SMEs try to adapt some changes in the leadership process as their way to integrate financial stability with their daily contrast operation. look for aimThe overall purpose of this dissertation is to find out the link between leadership and financial goal setting of top SMEs in the UK. This has to be found out from ten of the best coke SMEs in the UK. Thus, at the end of this study, the proponent will achieve concrete information about the component of leadership activities and its form in the financial goal setting of top SMEs in the UK. The business beingness is always looking forward to increase revenue and minimise expenses in order to ensure both profit or good business performance (Liu and Wang, 2008 Abi and Shimizutani, 2007 Ingene and Parry, 1995). The very activity of achieving this is focused on maximi ze financial concerns in order to achieve the bottom line.Trying to come up with something new in the business is focused on many aspects but financial activities and business performance seem to be at the top priority (Hallin et al., 2011 Liao and Rice, 2010). Therefore, it is important to bear in mind that there has to be other(a) considerations when it comes to other significant activities on how to maximise business performance.Considering that business is dependent on human resource as one of its best assets, it is important to consider that people have to be redirected to perform the vision.

Analysis of Movie Posters (Pirates of the Caribbean) Essay

compend of Movie Posters (Pirates of the Caribbean) - Essay ExampleThe main bank note for Pirates of the Caribbean is very amazing. This handbill was designed specifically to circulate the debut of the movie and the first screening. This observance was created in the US to help create awareness of the invigorated movie. The poster is a typical representation of movies of this genre characterized with a lot of graphic images. Its design, the use of colourise and images is completely attractive and persuasive for one to go cover the movie. The most standing out features of the poster include the title, which has been written in a large delicious font at the infiltrate of the poster pick ups of the main actors placed at the top of the poster, a large image in the spotlight of one of the main actors and a backcloth image of a ship in stormy water. The date of the movie, which is written in bolshie color at the bottom left corner of the poster and the name of the institutio n behind the movie as well as the available formats for the movie are in like manner outstanding and give the audience something to look forward to.The poster has mainly apply dark colorise such as black and grey in the background to create a psychological establish of war (Noble 135). The background image of the ship in a stormy sea represents a guesswork in the movie that takes place when the ship is attacked. This image has been used to create an urge among the viewers to go to movie theatres to watch what exactly happens in the scene. The date for showing the movie has been written in red color for it to stand out. ... Its design, the use of color and images is completely attractive and persuasive for one to go see the movie. The most standing out features of the poster include the title, which has been written in a large artistic font at the bottom of the poster names of the main actors placed at the top of the poster, a large image in the foreground of one of the main a ctors and a background image of a ship in stormy water. The date of the movie, which is written in red color at the bottom left corner of the poster and the name of the institution behind the movie as well as the available formats for the movie are also outstanding and give the audience something to look forward to. The poster has mainly used dark colors such as black and grey in the background to create a psychological effect of war (Noble 135). The background image of the ship in a stormy sea represents a scene in the movie that takes place when the ship is attacked. This image has been used to create an urge among the viewers to go to movie theatres to watch what exactly happens in the scene. The date for showing the movie has been written in red color for it to stand out. This would enable people o slow know when the movie will be showing. It is the only red color on the poster and could also have the psychological effect of expressing danger thus indicating the extent of viol ence in the movie. The formats of the movie such as digital 3D and Imax 3D have been written in large font at the bottom of the poster to inform the viewers of the various forms of the movie so that they can decide on their preferred option. The title of the movie stands out as having the largest artistic font together with an image of a human skull with two swords to

IN6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IN6 - Essay ExampleInspirations appear from the region of controlling configurations of fuze or in-flight vehicles with purposes in air travel organize, satellite grouping, mechanical highways, movable robotics and movable sensor nets. cardinal of the major aims is to attain a synchronized purpose while employing merely confined information. Due to their continual expression in multi-agent schemes, active networks have previously established consid ageble attention. In a aim of local tie of a network is brought in that below positive conditions is enough for global connectedness (Alben et al, 2002).This main focus of this paper is to see this technique in organizational management prospective. In an era when always accessible, forever connected has turn out to be the standard anticipation in line of descent, kind employees the aptitude to access appliance and real-time data and information could be serious for a companys move existence. Though a number of industries applicat ions are inexorably client based, a lot of of the center business procedure applications, like that CRM, sales strength automation, and electronic mail, are network based facilities and utilities. In addition, in business situations where teamwork and information distribution are serious, it commonly creates the most intelligence to influence the corporate network as an electronic warehouse of information and possessions. In both of these statements, offering Distributed connectivity and real-time access to the in the first place current information be able to be serious to member of employees effectiveness and, normally, to the fulfillment of the enterprises business (Deshmukh et al, 1993).This section elaborates why we need this technique for the original management? Here it is described that how this technique substructure provide effective project management approach and facilitate the project manager. While end-to-end lease connectivity was a necessity

Logistics Transportation Cost Analysis Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Logistics Transportation Cost Analysis - Outline ExampleThe fortunate completion of the proposed paper is expected to come with several significant advantages. Whereas some of these benefit the field of logistics literature, others bequeath be useful for professional logistics practice. As far as literature is concerned, it is expected that the study lead fill most gaps that exist in the academia about logistics transportation cost analysis. By so doing, ongoing and future researchers would sustain very strong conceptual basis on which they will leave their own research. Very often, conducting research with limited resources for conceptual framework makes the research lack credibility because the researchers have to rely on personal intuition and reasoning instead of fact backed evidence. But where in that respect are gaps in literature, researchers have very limited options than choosing such unproductive means. By concluding this study therefore, most gaps relating to the rel ationship between transportation cost and transportation tools, as well as the vastness of scientific design transport network shall be put in context.From a more hard-nosed context, this study shall be conducted through the use of primary data collection, which means that there will be realistic interventions about how existing issues of logistics cost can be addressed within organisations. Waters (2003) lamented of the mettlesome degree of cost associated with logistics transportation, which makes companies fail on realising the real advantages that should come with SCM.

Methodology - using Hofstede's VSM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Methodology - using Hofstedes VSM - Es guess ExampleThere ar a number of different studies conducted on similar topic which have been discussed in the literature review. The interrogation strategy flocknot be exploratoryYin (2003). On the other hand causal studies are usually used when a cause and belief relationship has to be identified. This means that the changing of one variable should show an effect in other variables, that is the relationship between dependent and independent variable. This study does not establish a cause and effect relationship but only identifies a set of variables relevant to a culture. The look into strategies used to identify variables is the correlation study. This study aims at establishing a quantitative evidence for the existence of a set of variables. Therefore in agreement with the look for objectives, the research strategy is correlation.The type of research lift being used is forthwith dependent on the type of research strategy being used. A research usually carried out by using the approach of induction or deduction and in some rare cases a combination of both methods Sekram (2006). The two approaches of research are therefore directly related to types of strategies. The process of deduction is used when enough evidence is available on a research topic. The availability of evidence is a critical in deductive reasoning. This is because deductive reasoning starts from the general to the specific. This bay window also be described as a top down approach. Thus it leads down to a hypothesis which is than tested. inducive reasoning on the other hand has a totally different approach. Inductive reasoning starts from the very specific and moves up to the general. Therefore the research is begun by observation of specific phenomenon and observes patterns which can finally be used to establish some general theories or conclusions. Therefore we can say that deduction is conclusive in nature Sekram (2006). That means that it is usually used to reach a conclusion. This is

Research paper on emily dickinson with some analysis of her work Essay

Research paper on emily dickinson with some analysis of her work - Essay ExampleHer poems were marked by really close descriptions of sacred moments, and moments of happiness. Most of here poems centered around ideas of death and immortality. Her works received severe criticism in the late 19th and early 20th century, but she is now considered as a major American poet by most (Bloom, 9).Before 1861 Only five poems have been dated to be written out front 1858 (Pickard, 20). These are more conventional in nature than her later works, and are based on subjects standardised valentines, her feared of loss of friendship, her missing of her brother.Dickinsons work showcases her artistic prowess and is centered around a admixture of themes. She is often regarded as a transcendentalist as she was deeply inspired by works of Emerson. Her poems had a very intelligent usage of humor, sarcasm, irony, and satire (Wolff, 171). Some of the major themes that can be seen her works include morbidi ty This theme of her characterized by her interest with topics like illness, dying and death. Her poems describe death by many methods drowning, hanging, suffocation, wrong burial, stabbing and so on. Her sharpest work came in the form of death blow from the GOD and funeral in the brain. These works reflect the starving characteristic of her personality. Her most complex work is based on the principle of death of self because of the loss of hunger for life.Flowers and gardens Poems written in the early period of her life were characterized by an intelligent blending of her poetry with a bouquet. Farr (1-7) notes that she associates some flowers like the gentians and anemones to youth and humility while others with care and insight. Examples of such work by her include My nosegays are for Captives / Dim long expectant eyes / Fingers denied the plucking,/ patient of till Paradise / To such, if they shd

Corporate Integrity Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Integrity Management - Essay ExampleNo reckon how good an governances trance statement, mission statement or purpose statement could be it would legato be missing on the nearly vital aspect of focus, if it does not have almost basic center field values that it upholds and cultivates. The core values of an transcription argon supposed to be perennial and unchanging, always guiding the operations of the organization during the best seasons and even the worst seasons of the organization.Therefore, no matter whether the organization achieves its targeted performance, no matter if it makes the desired profits, no matter whether it meets the expectations of its stakeholders, one thing must remain eternal for the organization its core values. Thus, simply put, after removing the business the organization does and the money it generates, core values atomic number 18 the only things that must remain. There is a difference between an organization that pursues its vision an d a fantastic organization. The difference is in the alignment of the organizational core values (Collins, n.p.). While the organization pursuing its vision can do so without the backing of its core values, a truly visionary organization is conduct by its core values to pursue the aligned vision. Thus simply put, core values are the most of the essence(p) aspects and the fundamentals of any business successful business.There are various core values I consider very vital, which a business, newly established or already running, should still hold onto, even if they are not rewarded. These are the core values I deem most important for an organization, such that, they should be pursued even when they become a competitive disadvantage for the organizationDisclosure is the concept behind transparency and accountability. Accountability and transparency are some of the most important core values that drive a business towards success and steers it to the direction of achieving its missions and visions. Accountability and transparency refers to the purpose of

Astoronomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Astoronomy - screen ExampleAncient Chinese thought Heaven to be of a round shape. The Emperor lived in the highest level. At the center of this heaven is the North Start. Note that for them, the center is the most pivotal deduct. Ancient Chinese Cosmology had its obvious influences from Taoist philosophy. It values balance, or the harmony of the yin and yang, good and evil. Dualism pervades their thinking, and this has contri scarceed to the rise of two big personalities the Emperor and Imperial Astronomer. The latter is said to use astronomy to predict the future, while the former apply the findings of the latter to make decisions. This structured, overlapping thinking permeates their society, and that we cannot help but conclude that astronomy was also part of their life (Ancient Chinese Cosmology).Ancient Chinese astronomers catalogued every star visible to their peeled eye. After which they grouped them into constellations called palaces or mansions. (Early History of Astron omy Ancient China).The ancient Chinese had a systematic way of classifying a star. They assign a particular ordinal number of an asterism to a star. For example, the 4th star of name of asterism. (Chinese constellation)Scholars consider that ancient Chinese records of astronomical events be very significant for today. The findings have saved modern astronomers if they were to grope from no knowledge. Hence, rapid progress in observation was made possible (Wang, 2006).For example, China had large records of meteor showers. One of those that compiled such records was Shen Kuo in his password Dream Stream Essays. He reportedly wrote When stars fall to the earth, they become stones. (Jessie, 2003).China has created and maintained an old but successful tradition in science and technology. This has enabled China to position itself into the forefront of development. As far as Astronomy is concerned, Chinas contribution to it

Combining Nurse Leader with Advocacy Personal Statement

Combining Nurse Leader with Advocacy - Personal asseveration ExampleThis en opens me to work with any medical organization in any part of America. However, due to the unforesightful length that in the care for profession, I have not managed to be a member of numerous professional associations, except in the Nursing Association of America, but am aspiring to be complex more and more in nursing and other professional associations (Manco-Herrman, 2006). Regarding career planning, I can enounce that I full understand my role as a nurse, and know the requirements and description of my nursing profession. I understand that my greatest service is to the people, especially among the patients without showing any partiality. I am a goal driven individual, and my dream to become a renowned nurse in the nursing field driven my career. I would wish for a nursing profession where the nurses, particularly starting from me, will be able to deliver services to the customer, not just because they are in the profession, but because it is ethical to do so regardless of the money paid. I believe that this succeeding(a) career path can be achieved finished with(predicate) determination and willingness to growth. Though career development might seem expensive, there have been sponsoring that offer educate and financial support to nursing professionals who wish to grow and develop their careers. This enhances flexibility and gives the capacity of nurses to adapt to the future scenarios (Massella, 2005). As concerning the personal journey disciplines, I can rate myself as good, aiming to become excellent. During the short duration that I have been in the nursing field, I have been able to take part in action learning. This has changed me integrate the problem solving techniques with the already acquired skills to enhance the delivery of services to customers. Normally, when left to check decisions regarding the welfare of the patients, I personally evaluate the condition or the situation, make decisions, decide on the virtually appropriate decision and personally reflect on those decisions to determine their feasibility. However, I have not been fully involved in council planning, but I have participated in loss leadership trainings where I have acquired skills regarding leadership. Nevertheless, through the reflective practice, I have been able to assess my leadership development plan and determine my impart in active leadership behaviors. This has enabled me rate myself as far as leadership is concerned and enable me determine the some appropriate methods and practices in leadership to enhance my development as a leader (McClure, 2005). Rating myself in terms of reflective practice reference and behaviors, I always use the guidelines that hasten my evaluation and reflection of involvement in nursing career. These include the skills acquired, identification of my role as nursing professionals, identification of the discrepancy in nursing and also I have been able to propose the most flexible means to enhance growth of the nursing profession in the future. I normally piss integrity as the key factor in my nursing profession and a leader, and to appreciate ambiguity since it acts as a driving force encouraging my advancement in nursing career. Whenever I feel inadequate in a certain area, I always seek clarification from higher professionals or through research. People in the nursing

Effect of Toluene and Xylene in solvents on humans Essay Example for Free

Effect of toluene and Xylene in solvents on humans EssayToluene and Xylene are some of the major compounds in the solvents that affect the humans. Both, Toluene and Xylene, exert some effects like irritation at the site of contact and systema nervosum centrale depression. Irritation Solvents are in liquidness form when at room temperature, scarcely they are volatile too. When these solvents are in liquid form, one time they come in contact with the skin, irritation may occur.When they are volatile, inhalation of these vapors may instance irritation in the respiratory track and the vapors may cause irritation to the eyes even. CNS Depression CNS depression is defined as the consistent effect of these solvents at sufficiently amply levels of exposure. The symptoms are disorientation, giddiness, and euphoria. The syndrome may progress to paralysis, convulsions and unconsciousness. Death may ensue.The mechanism is not clear yet but the observation that narcosis (CNS Depression ) was related to the solubility of toluene and Xylene in lipid and not at all in all related to their chemical structure, and hence suggested that narcosis resulted from CNS cell dysfunction following solubilizing of the solvents in the cell membrane. in that respect are also a variety of specific effects of toluene and Xylene in solvents on humans. The diversity of these effects is a result of the different metabolic being formed. They are effect on liver, kidneys, nervous system, and hematopoietic system.

Myth Analysis Essay Example for Free

Myth Analysis EssayThere once was a goddess with a hole-and-corner(a) power that do e realone happy as long as she was happy they were happy. That goddess name was Ella. Ella has a oppose br some other(a) named Evan. Evan has the power of mind-control. Ella lived high in the sky on clouds amongst the other god. Ella and the other gods got along really well especially when she was in a good mood. After living in the clouds for a very long time all the gods got tired of doing regular deeds for themselves. They decided to do something big to give rise something. They all joined together in a big circle roughly the largest cloud and spun around three-hundred-and-sixty-five times. As they all came to a halt, they all peered off the edge of Evans humongous cloud they observe a gigantic sphere. The gods got together and decided to call this gigantic sphere Earth. The gods soon learned that they could lead to Earth and that life could run low on Earth by the god James who had the power to off life human and animal.As soon as word broke that life was able to survive on Earth they gods asked James to make them serpents. James was fine with this as long as the other gods let these serpents have some free time also. After James said yes, almost all(prenominal) god had serpents except Ella. Ella has been happy for a while, until one day Gus the god of wind blew her cloud earnest the sun. Ella demanded Gus blow her cloud back, Gus unfortunately couldnt. When Ella got to her cloud she realized her feet were extremely hot because the ground of the cloud was hot. Ella cherished a shoe that would non slow her down, a shoe that was light and mystical just equal her. Ella soon became very sad because she didnt know how to make shoes. After Ella became sad, so did all the other gods. Once James got sad he offered her several serpents. Ella got super excited she accepted the serpents from James. James had taught Ella a trick to get serpents to the clouds, which he taught to all the gods.James to Ella to snap, as soon as she did she was at her dramatic art on her cloud she was impressed. As soon as Ella and the serpents started walking their feet began burning, she told them that burning sensation was what she felt. Ella snapped her fingers again some(prenominal) her and her serpents were back on Earth. Most of the serpents made shoes of wood. They carved using tools Shiloh the goddess of tools had given them, with their hands. Ella did not want wooden shoes that were far from what she wanted she looked to her last serpent that had a very substantial leaf in his hand. Ella asked this man what he was doing with a leaf, he replied simply making you a shoe. Ella asked egress of a measly exact leaf?The man was very wise he traded with a serpent of Veronica the goddess of strength and power which can obtain in animals or plants. The man told Ella that the measly little leaf was very strong because of Veronica. Also the man told Ella that t he leaf could be used as the target part of the shoe. Ella took the leaf from the old man and put it on her foot she realized that there was cipher holding that bottom part of the shoe or leaf to her foot, so she told the serpent. The serpent had an idea. He told Ella that if they sluggard three holes in the leaf like a triangle, one at the top two on the sides, using stems of flowers also.Ella thought this idea was brilliant. Ella knew she couldnt do that without help from Veronica again. So Veronica and Ella precipitate together and pair up as a team. Veronica made strong stems of flowers by paltry jumping the higher and faster she jumped, the stronger and taller the plant would be. Finally Veronica gave the stems to the serpent and he put the m in the holes and tied knots at the end of each hole. To make sure the knots were as affluent as they could be they had to pair up with another god Zack god of wisdom and strength. Zack tied the knots so tight that they could not be l oosened. Just to make sure that the knots would not come undone and would stay invariably the serpent suggested a collaboration with Fresh. Fresh was the god of fire.After hearing what the serpent had suggested just to be on the safe side Ella, agreed with this collaboration. Ella really didnt want to have Fresh heterogeneous because bad things tend to happen when he is around. When Ella first heard of the words come out of the serpents mouthpiece she threw the shoe. While in the air the shoe did a flip and it hit a tree made a big WHACK, and had a very loud FLOP. Ella liked that sound, she wanted to hear it again so she threw shoe again. Finally Fresh came, to tighten the knots with fire. He rubbed his thumb and middle finger together and a spark of fire appeared. As soon as the spark appeared he put the fire on the knots and thusly snapped to make the fire go away. As soon as Ella saw the finished result she was amazed. She tried the shoe on it had a strap like a v shape. She remembered when she threw the shoe how it flipped and then made a loud FLOP. She named these shoes flip-flops.

A great friendship Essay Example for Free

A great booster rocketship EssayA great friendship is formed because of dickens reasons First is to find out the similarities, Second is to respect the differences. Our friendship has both reasons.Our friendship is a invaluable gift that cant be bought or sold, but to score an understanding friend is far more(prenominal) worth than gold. You are a gift wrapped in ribbons of thoughtfulness and trimmed with kisses and smiles, given by God to stay non just for a day, but for life. So I hope youll be always there when I needed you the most. I will be always here for you my friend. When you have a problem you can come to me and share what problem youve got. I wont promise to be your friend forever, because I wont live that farsighted. But let me be your friend as long as I live. I hope you know I would not be the person I am today, without you. My friend.Read more Example of speech about friendship essayThere is a gift that gold cannot buy and a blessing thats rare and true. It is the gift of a wonderful friend like the friend that I have in you. Thank you, friend, for all the things that mean so oft to me and for the concern and understanding you give abundantly. We gain and lose things every day. But trust me on unmatched thing You will never lose me. I will always be there as a friend.Friendship is like a tree. It is not measured on how tall it could be, but is on how deep the roots have grown. I do not think much, I do not think often, but when I think, I think of you. My Friend, Stay true and be patient in having me into your life. Always remember that Jovie Ann is always here for you my friend.

The variable I am going to change will be the temperature Essay Example for Free

The variable I am going to change lead be the temperature EssayThe aim of my audition is to investigate how the confrontation of a wire is Affected by the length of the wire. I entrust be investigating by using three types of wire Thin, Thick and finally an even thicker wire then minute of arc era around. I leave behind be also recording my results by taking mess what the volt pulse displays and what the Ammeter displays. I willing be recording the results for each wire and also I will be increasing the wires thickness after I measure 10cm of length each time having taken down the results. Apparatus Meter Ruler- Safety Goggles- Cell- Wire- Crocodile Clips- Ammeter- A Voltmeter- V Plan For the following experiment my plan will be to firstly wire up all the appliances to create a circuit then I will predict whether the fortress pluss or whether it does not increase while the wire increases. I will carry out the experiment increasing the length of the wire by 10cm each time I will then take down the results of the potency, current.To measure the voltage I will use a Voltmeter to measure the potential drop, to measure the length of the wire I will use a meter formula and finally to measure the current I will use a Amp meter. After gaining these results I will work out the resistance using this formula Resistance=Voltage/Current Having gaining the results I will write them up in a table from which I will plot the interpret to support my results Then after drawing the graphs I will come to my conclusion, in my conclusion I will conclude what happened in the experiment and I will say whether my prediction is right.I will then come on to the evaluation of my experiment. Prediction My prediction is as the Length of the wire increase by 10cm the resistance will get affected making it to increase. The factors which may affect my experiment argon firstly the cell(Battery) which may ran out or cause a defect, The voltmeter or ammeter may show the abus e Voltage or current and there also could be a wrong connection creation made connecting the circuits. There also could be a user fault and they may measure the wrong length of wire.The factors which need to be controlled are to firstly to get a good working stamp battery and them some healthy working wires. You need to make sure u connect the circuit right on and also you need to make sure you measure the correct length each time. I will also keep the same temperature to make sure the experiment is even I will do this by using a thermometer to make sure the temperature is constant. I will be using board temperature.Work Done By- SaNjE Balendra Table of results (Thin Wire) Length Voltage Current Resistance Here is the table of results for my second experiment in which I used a thick wire Table of results (2nd Thicker Wire) Length Voltage Current Resistance Here is the table of results for third and final experiment Work Done By- SaNjE Balendra coating Having done my experiment I have come to my conclusion.In my experiment I have set in motion out that as the length of the wire increases the resistance increases. This is because as the length of the wire increases it causes the current and voltage to increase which means the resistance increases as nearly resistance is equal to voltage divided by current. The resistance increases because there is much sufficient surface area which means the can atoms to collide, when the thickness increases it causes the resistance to decrease as there is a lot of surface area so there will be less collision.Evaluation The experiment proved to be a success and it went very well although it could be improved by trying other lengths, dissimilar voltages but also a different type of wire to be able to compare the resistance difference this would make a more interesting experiment. I feel overall my results were quite precise. You can see my results were accurate looking at all 3 of my graphs, which shows a straight line t hrough most of the points apart from one or two which are on the line or not very apart from the line.The 2 points on the (thin wire) which was not close to the line was a Anomaly but it did not effect the gradient in the graph. In my experiment the places I think I made the most errors in the experiment was amount the length of the wire as it was hard to measure the wire keeping it straight and then holding a meter wire to measure it. I can improve on how to measure the wire by using more than one person to either help me or do the experiment with me, I can also improve by being sensible and being focused on my work and on what am doing.

The Enlightenment Essay Example for Free

The Enlightenment EssayToday we willing examine the cardinal points made most the enlightenment that we have guide in this chapter. We will also go all over the philosophers who put forth these ideas. What influence can be felt in the present of these ideas? Well in this paper we will find out all of these mind boggling questions.Okay the sevensome points of enlightenment we will start with first what is enlightenment base to man? Well it is a mans inability to make manipulation of his understanding. So to answers the first measurement of enlightenment basically to me means it is someones right to there let authorization to subjects and objects. Okay the second flavor is rationalism and it offers a naturalistic alternative to appeals to religious accounts of human constitution and conduct. Now to the enlightenment of movement which means, enlightenment, the movement outwards towards the world and separation is driven by desire, fear, and suffering, movement, which t owards to naturalism which gets to intuition and apperception. That is what I pulled out of the chapter on that step. Okay step four cultural optimism I judge this one to mean that a culture of any would have an positive look on it optimistic meaning to look on something with a more favorable side or outcome.Now to step five which is the return to nature I believe that maybe this one means that maybe when state die and the ritual of burying some one means that we are returning to nature. Next step natural rights, well everyone has there rights from the democratic point of gull so this must also mean that we have our own natural rights including the right to exist and the rights to make our own choices and such. Step seven suffer but not least human rights I would believe to include the democratic point of view it is our human right to vote or to fallow the laws and such. These seven steps and the definitions that fallow are my own definitions to these enlightenment steps.The p hilosophers who put forth these enlightenment steps are the one we have read about in our Sophies world book, Including Locke, Hume, Berkeley. All there ideas views and suppositions were I believe put into effect through these seven steps. What influence can be felt in the present of these ideas? Well I believe they came skeleton the philosophers that I have listed so basically Ianswered this question with the one before it.This chapter was fun for me to read because I learned a lot about the enlightenment steps and where they originated from. I just thought that this section of the book was great

Effectiveness of a Country’s Educational Provision Essay Example for Free

Effectiveness of a Coun reachs Educational Provision EssayIntroductionIn the last quarter of the twentieth century, an increasing consensus developed concerning the link between economic prosperity and specialty of a state of matters readingal provision. As globalization gathered pace dramatically in the 1980s and 199s, this link became more overt as the comparison and competitiveness between nations inevitably increases. At the heart of the argument for the link, is the need for an developmental workforce, without which a countrys economy allow for non keep pace.1In the World Conference on Education For All, which assembled Jomtien, Thailand, it was recognized that the current provision of education seriously deficient and that it must be made relevant, qualitatively advance and made universally unattached to enable every person, child, and adult to meet the basic learning needs. These needs comprise both innate earning tools such as __________________1 David Middle Wo od and Carlo Cardno, Managing Teacher Performance.and the learning meat (such as cognition, aptitudes, set and attitudes) required by human beings to be able to survive, to develop to their full capacities to live and work with dignity, to figure fully in development, to improve the quality of lives, to make informed decisions and to continue learning. 2Education is the decisive key to national development. More important is the training and development of human resources of teachers who are the frontiers of our educative pursuit.Ameri mess may continue to lead the word of science and technology but its record of educating its citizens in those subjects is middling dismal. An NSF panel has spent 128 months examining the state of wisdom, maths,Engineering and Technology (SME) and at the undergraduate level and reviewing hundreds of comments from academic. The overwhelming consensus is that nigh of the SME pedigrees acts as filters. They screen out all but the promising stud ents- those embarking on __________________ careers, leaving majority of the graduates with litters understand of how science works. This worries the policy makers beca drop many disgruntled students become teachers with little enthusiasm for the subject perpetuating a make pass of scientific and technological.4Ana Marie Pamintuan, in her column entitled Sketches, in the December 12, 2000 issue of the Philippines Start stated In a season of bad bare-asseds, there was one item I found particularly depressing. Philippine first year high shal lower-ranking students ranked 36th among 38 countries in the Third outside(a) Mathematics and Science Studies (TIMSS). According to result, in the latest TIMSS, Japan ran fifth in Mathematics and fourth in Science.It can be expected that many people will really blame the education ashes for the Filipino students dismal operation. Although the schools along with the curriculum, teacher, supervisor, administrators and opposite fractions t hat comprise the input components of the school as a social system, should take part of the blame. 5__________________4 National Science Foundation, 1999).5 Aquino, G. Effective dogma.EDCOM reports that teacher is poorly trained. Many teachers at all levels do not seduce the optimum qualification for educational activity. The comparison of high school teachers of science and mathematics, for example, do not go through eventhe minimal preparation for the teaching ranges from 54.6 percent to 5 percent. IN the 1991 DOST test given to both teachers and students in first year of the randomness Education Program (SEDP), the total mean percentage score (54.08) of the first year high school teachers was only 8.79 points higher than those of the students (42.29). This deplorable performance can be traced to poor teacher training and the low quality of students enrolled in the teacher training.6To further upgrade the standard of science education in the Philippines, the division of sci ence and Technology (DOST), University of the Philippines Science and Mathematics Education (UP-SMED) now National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education (NISMED), the Department of Education (DepEd) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) have launched a joint watch, the shoot for of which is to __________________6 (EDOM 1995).develop human resources which would ultimately enhance and upgrade the capabilities of science and mathematics teachers. The core curriculum was the development of thinking skills through practical work and laboratory experiment.7These are challenging times for the countrys educational system Cooperative efforts at all levels of instruction are directed towards leafy vegetable goal to improve the quality of education. Much more evident are such efforts aimed at revitalize in Science Education. Varied approaches and techniques have been pioneered to make classroom filled with fruitful investigations to uncover new and useful discip lines. A great variety of instructional materials and facts intended for daily classroom instruction have been assembled utilizing the indigenous resources of the community. Innovative procedures of presenting learning tasks have been tried to make every teaching-learning situation, encounter more arouse and hallenging.8 Of the 50 schools tested, ___________________it was revealed what students from 20 schools did not master the topic taught, 27 schools nearing mastery, and only 1 school describe mastery level.9The low performance of students in science also became the justification for the formulation and launching of the Science and Technology Education Plan (STEP) with Project RISE (Rescue Initiative for Science Education) as one of its project under the manpower development component.One of the major problems cited in the Accomplishment Report prepared by STEP stated, every little was done about undermentioned up the trainees on in their use of their acquired skills.10The pro blem reported b the STEP, prompted the researcher, being one of the trainors of the program, Project RISE, at the Regional Science and Teaching Center (RSTC-UEP) to assess the accomplishment of Project RISE, as to whether it achieved the goal and objectives set for the training of science teachers to ___________________ improve their teaching competencies and raise the performance levels of the students in customary Science.Statement of the ProblemThis study will try to assess the effectiveness of Project RISE in the Secondary Schools in the Division of Northern Samar, utilise the DOST-SET Monitoring and Evaluation Forms from its implantation in 1998.Specifically, this study will try to answer at the following questions. 1. What is the extent of accomplishment of Project RISE in terms of1. Objective of the program2. Course content3. Participants profile4. Trainers profile2. What is the status of the shapeing variables such as the following1. Teachers1. Attitude towards teaching General Science2. Content knowledge and laboratory skills3. Classroom management4. Time management5. Teaching strategies6. Skills in the utilization of instructional material7. Skills conserveing classroom discussion8. Skills in motivating2. Administrators1. Administrative support3. scholarly person1. Attitudes towards General Science3. What is the status of Project RISE on the following 1. Teaching competencies of the teacher-participants as observed and evaluated by the principal. 2. Teachers perception on how the training improved their competencies. 3. Students performance in General Science/Theoretical FrameworkThe framework for the evaluation of Project RISE in the Division of Northern Samar particularly in General Science, will make use of the system hypothesis propounded by Millilin. System opening engages a process of examining a school system or educational system (for a program or project), not by piecemeal approach where every element of the system stand independen t of the others, but as an organic group of elements, as a system with interaction subsystems inside the school system (social, economic, cultural, political and technological), a system that contributes to guild through its outputs the alike society from which the school received its inputs, andlayer on as a system that receive feedbacks from the society as to the defined value added through outputs.11Moreover, that the system theory gives a holistic view of advocating its native efficiency as well as its external productivity it calls for an interdisciplinary approach which mean that I considers how all the various system are interrelated, and it is a _________________self-connective approach because it considers and profits from feedbacks received from its environs.12 The appraisal process using the system theory is hinged on the input, throughput and output concepts.The input includes the setting of verifiable objectives that become standards the throughputs refers to the re al performance of the organization that is being evaluated the outputs include the measuring of performance against standards such as the formal compositors case of comprehensive review. A build in feedback mechanism pinpoint the flaws or errors in program execution of instrument. past opposeive actions for undesirable deviation from standards are formulated. The system of evaluation is cyclical in nature ordered of formulation, implementation, monitoring and feedback pointing to the continuous assessment for program revision and improvement. Whichever is pinpointed as error implementation become the concentre corrective decisions and actions and for program revisions.The advantage of the system evaluation concept lie in its ability to correct program errors at their earliest stages. Early direction and correction of ____________________12 Ibid.program implementation errors diminish the possibilities of incurring financial losses and unnecessary waste of efforts by the personne l implementing the program.Therefore, assessing Project RISE, curiously those having bearing on its accomplishments and innovations achieved by the teacher trainees in GeneralScience six year after might be a sound decision.This study is also supported by Bautistas theory on evaluation, which shed light to the program design, assesses the implementation in terms of results of long effects. It is evaluation that provides well timed(p) and realistic feedback to the transfigure agents, making the maximization of fiscal manpower resources possible. Programs are not evaluated attend to maintain a status quo to stagnate subsequently. One type of evaluation is the ex-post evaluation or impact evaluation. This is undertaken to realize whether the program or project merits expansion or replication in other areas and ascertain what aspects can be modified to improve implementation in other area. This study is then called an impact evaluation because it with try to assess the _____________ ____status of Project RISE teachers train on their overall performance as General Science Teachers. Carinos theory, also sustains that accountability is a central problem of the government.The activities of civil servants and in the public eye(predicate) agencies must follow the will of the people to whom they are ultimately responsible. The public ness of their employment and goals accordingly prescribe their behavior and circumscribe their choice. Therefore, all individuals and office continue to have a range of options as to how they would act. The evaluation of whether such action would be within the bounds of their authority is referent to the concepts of accountability.Accountability focuses on the following 1) regularity of fiscal transactions and the faithful compliance as well as adhesiveness to legal requirements and administrative policies 2) efficiency and economy in the use of public funds, prosperity manpower and other resources 3) concerned with the results of gove rnment operation 4) human resources accounting and the __________________analogies of economics and social impacts of programs, and 5) emphasizesprocedures and methods operation and on the shift key of inputs to outputs.15This study is an assessment of a project, which derives its finances from government funds, therefore projects implementers and all those involved in it are accountable to the people and the society.Another theory to support other variables identified in this study, such as attitudes and values of teachers, is that one advocated by Thorndike. The connectionist theory or the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) theory. This view was based on the concept that bonds or connections are formed between situations and suppose. Thordike advocates the idea that learning results from translating sense impressions and impulses to action learning occurs through change in connection between particular stimulus and a response, hence, connections are the key to understanding a learn ing task. ___________________15 Carino, Ledevina, Administrative Accountability A Review of the Evolution, Meaning and Operationa-lization of a Key purpose in Public Administration).16 Gregorio, Hernan, Principles and Methods of Teaching.In the same manner, the personal attitudes and values of the teachers may have much to do with their teaching effectiveness because they could be the basis for their behavior, decisions and choice. This is so because values are planted motivations of behavior. They defined what is important to the individual.16 In this study, it may be stated that the attitudes and values of the General Science teachers will have bearing with their work as teachers. What they believe in and what they consider important will charm their decisions and choices.Conceptual FrameworkThe framework for the evaluation process has three components inputs, throughputs and outputs. A built-in-feedback mechanism is the place toderived information for project revision or impro vement. Following the evaluation process, the inputs of Project RISE in Region eight in general and in the Division of Northern Samar in particular are the objective of the program, course content, participants, trainers, and training ___________________procedures. The actual performance in the implementation of Project RISE will be expresses in terms the throughout or processes.These consists of the teachers attitude towards teaching General Science, the General Science content knowledge and skills, classroom management, time management, appropriateness of teaching strategies, skills in the utilization of instructional materials, and skills in maintaining classroom discussions and skill in motivating. It will also include the teachers teaching competencies in teaching General Science as perceived by the principles, the teachers own perceptions on how the Project RISE training improved the competencies as observes by their principles and the students performance in General science as measured by a test in General Science.

Eddie and Beatrice Essay Example for Free

Eddie and Beatrice canvassOf t bulge out ensemble the characters in the play, Marco is the one most trusty for the death of Eddie Carbone Do you agree? Consider all the characters in the play who are likely to be involved. Form your own conclusion from evidence, and use sextuplet characters minimum. I am spill to write an essay rough who I look is the most responsible for Eddie Carbones death. I will besides say whether I think Marco is the most responsible. I will tattle about the different characters, and say what I think makes them responsible/not responsible for his death. Then I will give my conclusion as to whom I think is the most responsible. The characters that I am going to use for my essay are Marco, Eddie, Rodolfo, Alfieri, Catherine and Beatrice and I will write about them in that order. In the descent Marco was a very nice man. He did not want to put Eddie and Beatrice out, and was always very intimate with them. There was never much conflict between hims elf and Eddie, they would talk about his family and how he was going to befriend his children pass away better. This is illustrated when Beatrice asks Marco if his wife is getting the money ok, and he replies Oh, yes.She bought medicine for my boy. Also when they are talking about money in the beginning, Marco is very eager to send his wife as much money as he can, as soon as possible. He says Because I could send them a little more(prenominal) if I stay here and, I want to send right away maybe twenty dollar bill dollars. This shows Marco is a very caring man, and wants the best for his wife and children. Then, Eddie started to become jealous of Rodolfo and when they were talking about Marcos family it top off to respecting women, and it was like Eddie was trying to warn Rodolfo away from Catherine.Eddie starts to become very jealous and angry now, and says to Rodolfo, It aint so light here either Rodolfo, like you think Then Rodolfo tells him he does respect her and Eddie starts to talk about and taking away girls. Eddie says I know, but in your town you wouldnt just drag off many girl without permission, I mean (he turns) you know what I mean Marco? Marco replies (cautiously) yes. It was after this that things started to change between them. Eddie well-tried to teach Rodolfo how to box, but ended up hitting him too hard.Marco then showed Eddie that he could be stiff too, by testing his strength He kneels, grasps and with strain slowly raises the chair higher and higher. Eddies grin vanishes as he absorbs his look. Eddie couldnt lift the chair but Marco could, this was showing Eddie that he (Marco) could be twice as potent as him, and was like saying I can be strong too, Im warning you I also think this was like telling Eddie that, if he wanted to fight Rodolfo, then he would have to fight him as well. I dont think Marco is exactly to blame for Eddies death, because Eddie should have been warned and left it at that.Instead he went to the im migration service. Marco was right to be furious at Eddie who wouldnt be? He was trying to help his family to get better, and wanted them to have a better life, and now all this would go to waste. Then when Eddie brought the knife out and was about to use it on Marco I think it was an act of self-defence when Marco turned the knife around. Eddie went land with the blow of Marco punching him on the neck (because he lunged for him), and then just as Marco is about to stomp on him he brings out the knife.Eddie lunges with the knife. Marco grabs his arm, turning the blade inward and pressing it home Eddie was over-protective towards Catherine right from the start. When she wanted to go ahead with the job her principle had told her to try for he tried to stop her from going a target that he didnt want her to leave, in case she liked it and wanted to start her own life. Eddie tells Catherine she is walking wavelike This shows Eddies concern extends to the way Catherine walks. When Ma rco and Rodolfo came to stay, things just went from bad to worse.Eddie started being suspicious of Catherine and Rodolfo all the time, and would have a go at Rodolfo. Eddie says I know, but you wouldnt just drag off some girl without permission Eddie is impeach Rodolfo of dragging Catherine off without his permission, and saying he has no respect in for women in doing this. I think Eddie is to blame for his own death, because if he hadnt been so over-protective and jealous none of this would have happened. Another time Louis and microphone ask Eddie if he would like to go bowling with them, but he says no, hes expected at home.

Psychological Definitions of Abnormal Behavior Essay Example for Free

Psychological Definitions of Abnormal manner Es avowAccording to the science of psychology superstars behavior needs to follow a certain criteria in company to be deemed normal. If singles behavior does not defend the criteria, their behavior is seen as undesirable and wrong (requires change). For this physiologists need to be able to view a individuals behavior and be able to tell the difference between normal and subnormal. Whilst defining the normalcy of ones behavior physiologists need to be careful to remain objective and as free of any diverge as possible, furthermore their experiment to determine ones behavior needs to be repeatable and reliable. In order to do this psychologists often consults the characteristics of example mental health proposed by Marie Jahoda in 1958. Marie Jahoda proposed 6 different characteristics for ideal mental health after surveying different doctors and psychologists this is the list she came up with* Positive self applaud and a stro ng sense of identity* Personal growth and development* Ability to cope with nerve-wracking situations (integration)* Autonomy and independence* Accurate perception of reality* Successful mastery of the environment, particularly relationships.Jahoda argued that if one does not meet these criteria then ones behavior weed be deemed abnormal as a result of an lively conundrum. This in my opinion provides a strong applicable foundation for the determination of ones normality of behavior. However the problem with Jahodas ideal mental health scheme is the fact that the results obtained rely solely on the perceivers judgment, therefore move overing a inevitable bias not to mention the fact that no mortal can truly ever meet all of the suggested criteria. This mean that according to Jahoda every person is abnormal. other way to look for abnormal behavior for psychologists is to find deviation form the social norm (majority). This is through by observing ones actions in public and seein g how normal it is. For example if you see someone sop up on a bikini/swim trunks whilst walking around a supermarket, his or her behavior would be deemed as abnormal. The limitations of observing behavior in this manor lay in the fact that different cultures pay back different norms. Not to mention the fact that in any given culture norms evolve. What may have once been acceptable in the 80s is not necessarily acceptable today.Abnormality of ones behavior can also be monitored by looking at its statistical frequency. pith how vulgar ones behavior is when compared to the rest of the public. If ones behavior is shared by many it is deemed common and therefore normal, however if ones behavior is uncommon or rare, it is deemed abnormal. For example one may say that an individual who has an IQ below or above the average level of IQ in ordination is abnormal. The problem with this system is the fact that, it does not account for the desirability of the given behavior. In other spe ech this system claims that both low and high IQs are an abnormality that need to be treated.Physiologists and others interested in normality, look over at ones behavior to see how well they can function. If one is unable to function adequately they are deemed abnormal. In order to determine how well one functions, psychologists consult Rosenhan and Seligmans list of characteristics that define abnormality (1989). Rosenhan and Seligman argued that in order to classify someone as inadequate in life they must meet several of the characteristics as a pose to besides one. This is their list* Suffering* Maladaptiveness (danger to self)* Vividness unconventionality (stands out)* Unpredictably loss of control* Irrationality/incomprehensibility* Causes observer discomfort* Violates object lesson/social standardsThe possible limitation to Rosenhan and Seligmans list of characteristics is the fact that normal people engage in activates which are potentially harmful like drinking or smokin g, these people are not classed as abnormal. It is very difficult to classify behavior as to date no scheme to do so exists, which is perfect. Physiologists must tread carefully when labeling one with a disorder. Bias will always be present in one form or another, however the results can be deemed reliable if practicing psychologists consult fourfold schemes in order to have a better chance of an accurate diagnosis.Bibliography* Class handout abnormal? Mrs campion.* DefiningAbnormality. AS Psychology /. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. http//as-psychology.pbworks.com/w/page/9174252/DefiningAbnormality. * Abnormal Psychology. Abnormal Psychology. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. http//www.simplypsychology.org/abnormal-psychology.html.

History of Global Warming Essay Example for Free

History of Global Warming EssayThe while of exceptional years with record high temperatures, which characterized the 1980s, helped to generate widespread popular interest in world-wide warm up and its many ramifications. The decade included six of the warmest years in the past coulomb, and the trend go on into the 1990s, with 1991 the second warmest year on record. All of this fuelled speculation especially among the media that the terra firmas temperature had begun an inexorable face lifting and the idea was further reinforced by the results of scientific studies which indicated that world(a) mean temperatures had risen by slightly 0. C since the beginning of the century.Periods of cost increase temperature atomic number 18 not unknown in the earths past. The around significant of these was the so-called Climatic Optimum, which occurred any(prenominal) 5,000-7,000 years ago and was associated with a level of warming that has not been matched since. If the current globose warming continues, however, the record temperatures of the early period provide easily be surpassed. Temperatures reached during a later warm spell in the early Middle Ages may well affirm been equaled already. such(prenominal) recently, the 1930s provided some of the highest temperatures since records began, although that decade has been relegated to second place by events in the 1980s. Such warm spells have been accepted as part of the inherent variability of the earth/ line system in the past, just now the current warming is viewed in a different light. It appears to be the first gear world-wide warming to be created by human race activity. The basic ca role is seen as the enhancement of the greenho social occasion effect, brought on by rising levels of anthropogenically-produced babys room gases.It is now generally accepted that the assiduitys of greenhouse gases in the automated teller machine have been increasing since the latter(prenominal) part of the ni neteenth century. The increase use of fossil fuels has released large marrows of carbonic acid gas, and the destruction of inwrought vegetation has prevented the environment from restoring the balance. Levels of other greenhouse gases, including CH4, N2 O and CFCs have excessively been rising. Since all of these gases have the ability to retain sublunary radiation in the atmosphere, the net result should be a gradual increase in global temperatures.The link among recent warming and the enhancement of the greenhouse effect fronts obvious. Most of the media, and many of those voluminous in the investigation and analysis of global climate change, seem to have accepted the relationship as a fait accompli. There are only a few dissenting voices, expressing misgivings about the nature of the raise and the quickity with which it has been embraced. A survey of environmental scientists involved in the study of the earths ever-changing climate, conducted in the spring of 1989, revea led that many still had doubts about the extent of the warming.More than 60 per cent of those questioned indicated that they were not completely confident that the current warming was beyond the range of normal natural variations in global temperatures (Slade 1990). The greenhouse effect is brought about by the ability of the atmosphere to be selective in its solvent to different types of radiation. The atmosphere readily transmits solar radiation which is mainly short-wave zip from the ultraviolet end of the power spectrum allowing it to pass through unaltered to heat the earths surface.The life force concerned by the earth is reradiated into the atmosphere, only when this terrestrial radiation is long-wave infrared, and instead of being transmitted it is absorbed, causing the temperature of the atmosphere to rise. Some of the energy absorbed in the atmosphere is returned to the earths surface, causing its temperature to rise also. This is considered similar to the way in whi ch a greenhouse works allowing sunlight in, further trapping the resulting heat inside hence the use of the name greenhouse effect.In reality it is the glass in the greenhouse which allows the temperature to be maintained, by preventing the mixing of the warm air inside with the refrigerant air outside. There is no such restraint to mixing in the real atmosphere, and some scientists have pointed that the processes are sufficiently different to preclude the use of the term greenhouse effect. Anthes et al. (1980) for example, prefer to use atmospheric effect. However, the use of the term greenhouse effect to describe the ability of the atmosphere to absorb infrared energy is so well effected that any change would cause needless confusion.The demand for change is not strong, and greenhouse effect will continue to be used widely for descriptive purposes, although the analogy is not perfect. Without the greenhouse effect, global temperatures would be much lower than they are perhaps averaging only ? 17C compared to the existing average of +15C. This, then, is a very eventful characteristic of the atmosphere, yet it is made possible by a convention of gases which together make up less than 1 per cent of the total volume of the atmosphere. There are about twenty of these greenhouse gases.Carbon dioxide is the most abundant, scarcely methane, nitrous oxide, the chlorofluoro snow copys and tropospheric ozone are potentially significant, although the carry on of the ozone is limited by its variability and short life span. Water vapour also exhibits greenhouse properties, alone it has received less attention in the greenhouse debate than the other gases since the very efficient natural recycling of water through the hydrologic cycle ensures that its atmospheric concentration is little affected by human activities.Any change in the volume of the greenhouse gases will disrupt the energy flow in the earth/atmosphere system, and this will be contriveed in changin g world temperatures. This is nothing new. Although the media sometimes seem to suggest that the greenhouse effect is a modern phenomenon, it is not. It has been a characteristic of the atmosphere for millions of years, sometimes to a greater extent tearing than it is now, sometimes less. Three of the principal greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane (CH4) and the CFCscontain carbon, one of the most common elements in the environment, and one which plays a major role in the greenhouse effect.It is present in all total substances, and is a constituent of a great variety of compounds, ranging from relatively simple gases to very complex derivatives of oil colour hydrocarbons. The carbon in the environment is mobile, readily changing its affiliation with other elements in response to biological, chemic and physical processes. This mobility is controlled through a natural biogeochemical cycle which works to maintain a balance betwixt the release of carbon compounds from their sou rces and their absorption in sinks.The natural carbon cycle is normally considered to be self-regulating, but with a time scale of the order of thousands of years. Over shorter periods, the cycle appears to be unbalanced, but that may be a reflection of an incomplete understanding of the processes involved or perhaps an indication of the presence of sinks or reservoirs still to be discovered (Moore and Bolin 1986). The carbon in the system moves between several major reservoirs.The atmosphere, for example, contains more than than 750 jillion tones of carbon at any given time, while 2,000 trillion tones are stored on land, and end to 40,000 billion tones are contained in the seas (Gribbin 1978). Living terrestrial organic matter is estimated to contain between 450 and 600 billion tones, somewhat less than that stored in the atmosphere (Moore and Bolin 1986). World fossil fuel reserves also exist an important carbon reservoir of some 5,000 billion tones (McCarthy et al. 1986).They contain carbon which has not been active in the cycle for millions of years, but is now being reintroduced as a result of the developing demand for energy in modern society being met by the mining and burning of fossil fuels. It is being reactivated in the form of carbon dioxide, which is being released into the atmospheric reservoir in quantities sufficient to disrupt the natural flow of carbon in the environment. The greatest natural flow (or flux) is between the atmosphere and terrestrial biota and between the atmosphere and the oceans.Although these fluxes vary from time to time, they have no long-term impact on the greenhouse effect because they are an integral part of the earth/atmosphere system. In contrast, inputs to the atmosphere from fossil fuel consumption, although smaller than the natural flows, involve carbon which has not participated in the system for millions of years. When it is reintroduced, the system cannot cope immediately, and becomes unbalanced. The natur al sinks are ineffectual to absorb the new carbonic acid gas as rapidly as it is being produced. The excess remains in the atmosphere, to intensify the greenhouse effect, and thus contribute to global warming.The burning of fossil fuels adds more than 5 billion tones of carbonic acid gas to the atmosphere every year, with more than 90 per cent originating in North and Central America, Asia, atomic number 63 and the republics of the former USSR. Fossil fuel use remains the primary source of anthropogenic CO2 but augmenting that is the destruction of natural vegetation which causes the level of atmospheric CO2 to increase by reducing the amount recycled during photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process, shared by all green plants, by which solar energy is converted into chemical energy. It involves gaseous exchange.During the process, CO2 taken in through the plant leaves is broken down into carbon and oxygen. The carbon is retained by the plant while the oxygen is released into the atmosphere. The role of vegetation in controlling CO2 through photosynthesis is clearly indicated by variations in the levels of the gas during the growing season. Measurements at Mauna Loa Observatory in how-do-you-do show patterns in which CO2 concentrations are lower during the northern spend and higher during the northern winter. These variations reflect the effects of photosynthesis in the northern hemisphere, which contains the bulk of the worlds vegetation (Bolin 1986).Plants absorb CO2 during their summer growing phase, but not during their winter dormant period, and the difference is sufficient to cause semi-annual fluctuations in global CO2 levels. The clearing of vegetation raises CO2 levels indirectly through decreased photosynthesis, but CO2 is also added directly to the atmosphere by burning, by the decay of biomass and by the increased oxidation of carbon from the freshly exposed soil. Such processes are estimated to be responsible for 5-20 per cent of current ant hropogenic CO2 emissions (Waterstone 1993).This is normally considered a modern phenomenon, particularly prevalent in the tropical rainforests of South America and South-East Asia (Gribbin 1978), but Wilson (1978) has suggested that the pioneer agricultural settlement of North America, Australasia and South Africa in the second half of the nineteenth century made an important contribution to rising CO2 levels. This is supported to some extent by the mirror image that between 1850 and 1950 some 120 billion tones of carbon were released into the atmosphere as a result of disforestation and the destruction of other vegetation by fire (Stuiver 1978).The burning of fossil fuels produced only half that much CO2 over the same time period. Current estimates indicate that the atmospheric CO2 increase resulting from reduced photosynthesis and the clearing of vegetation is equivalent to about 1 billion tones per year (Moore and Bolin 1986), down slightly from the earlier value. However, the a nnual contribution from the burning of fossil fuels is almost ten times what it was in the years between 1850 and 1950. Although the total annual input of CO2 to the atmosphere is of the order of 6 billion tonnes, the atmospheric CO2 level increases by only about 2. billion tonnes per year.The difference is distributed to the oceans, to terrestrial biota and to other sinks as yet unknown (Moore and Bolin 1986). Although the oceans are commonly considered to absorb 2. 5 billion tonnes of CO2 per year, recent studies suggest that the actual total may be only half that amount (Taylor 1992). The destination of the remainder has important implications for the study of the greenhouse effect, and continues to be investigated.The oceans absorb the CO2 in a variety of wayssome as a result of photosynthesis in phytoplankton, some through nutritional processes which allow marine organisms to grow calcium carbonate shells or skeletons, and some by direct diffusion at the air/ocean interface (Mc Carthey et al. 1986). The mixing of the ocean waters causes the redistribution of the absorbed CO2. In polar latitudes, for example, the added carbon sinks along with the cold surface waters in that region, whereas in warmer latitudes carbon-rich waters well up towards the surface allowing the CO2 to escape again.The turnover of the deep ocean waters is relatively slow, however, and carbon carried there in the sink water or in the skeletons of dead marine organisms remains in storage for hundreds of years. More rapid mixing takes place through surface ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream, but in general the sea responds only slowly to changes in atmospheric CO2 levels. This may explain the manifest inability of the oceans to absorb more than 40-50 per cent of the CO2 added to the atmosphere by human activities, although it has the capacity to absorb all of the additional carbon (Moore and Bolin 1986).The oceans constitute the largest active reservoir of carbon in the earth/atmos phere system, and their ability to absorb CO2 is not in doubt. However, the specific mechanisms involved are now recognised as extremely complex, requiring more research into the interactions between the atmosphere, ocean and biosphere if they are to be better mum (Crane and Liss 1985). Palaeoenvironmental evidence suggests that the greenhouse effect fluctuated quite considerably in the past.In the Quaternary era, for example, it was less intense during glacial periods than during the interglacials (Bach 1976 Pisias and Imbrie 1986). Present concern is with its increasing intensity and the associated global warming. The rising concentration of atmospheric CO2 is usually identified as the main culprit, although it is not the most powerful of the greenhouse gases. It is the most abundant, however, and its concentration is increasing rapidly. As a result, it is considered likely to give a good indication of the trend of the climatic impact of the greenhouse effect, if not its exact ma gnitude.Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish chemist, is usually credited with being the first to recognize that an increase in CO2 would lead to global warming (Bolin 1986 Bach 1976 Crane and Liss 1985). otherwise scientists, including John Tyndall in Britain and T. C. Chamberlin in America (Jones and Henderson-Sellers 1990), also investigated the link, but Arrhenius provided the first quantitative predictions of the rise in temperature (Idso 1981 Crane and Liss 1985). He published his findings at the beginning of this century, at a time when the environmental implications of the industrial Revolution were just beginning to be appreciated.Little attention was paid to the potential impact of increased levels of CO2 on the earths radiation climate for some time after that, however, and the estimates of CO2 -induced temperature increases calculated by Arrhenius in 1903 were not bettered until the early 1960s (Bolin 1986). Occasional papers on the exit appeared, but interest only began to inc rease significantly in the early 1970s, as part of a growing appreciation of the potentially dire consequences of human interference in the environment. Increased CO2 fruit and rising atmospheric turbidity were recognized as two important elements capable of causing changes in climate.The former had the potential to cause greater warming, whereas the latter was considered more likely to cause cooling (Schneider, 1987). For a time it seemed that the cooling would dominate (Ponte 1976), but results from a growing number of investigations into greenhouse warming, published in the early 1980s, changed that (e. g. Idso 1981 Schneider 1987 Mitchell 1983). They revealed that scientists had generally underestimated the speed with which the greenhouse effect was intensifying, and had failed to appreciate the impact of the subsequent global warming on the environment or on human activities.

College Enrollment Essay Example for Free

College Enrollment EssayIncome inequality has been increasing for the aside 20 years. A substantial part of the increase in income differences give the axe be explained by changes in the return to t to each one(a)ing method. In dollar full terms, 1973 college graduates earned 45 percent much than extravagantly inform graduates by 1994 they earned 65 percent more(prenominal), establish on real average hourly wages for college and high initiate graduates (Baumol and Blinder, 1997). The increasing income disparities surrounded by pigeonholings of differing fosteringal attainment raises concern that access to post stakeary genteelness (PSE) whitethorn non be as widespread as desired. President Clinton urged for the goal of universal college access in his 1997 express of the Union address, We must make the thirteenth and quadteenth years of educationat least ii years of collegejust as universal in America by the 21st century as a high inform education is today, and we must open the doors of college to altogether Americans. Using info from the theme command Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS) and the National Postsecondary pupil Aid Study (NPSAS), this say examines access to postsecondary education by individuals in dissimilar income and test score groups.While many studies see found a statistically significant effect of income on college figurement,1 slight attention has been p tending to the effect of family income after peremptory for educatee achievement. This study specifically addresses this issue. We also explore differences in the closing of whether or non to regard PSE or in the type of PSE at listed. We argon inte substituteed in whether students ar substituting less valuable alternatives ( such as humanity or 2-year institutions) for high cost institutions, or whether they atomic number 18 not insureing PSE at all.However, we do not examine selectivity of institutions expected. Anformer(a) goal of this study is to determine which federal agents, including high tame experiences, atomic number 18 especially important in ascertain college readjustment patterns. Hossler and Maple (1993) find that study on individual circumstance factors al ruggeds them to predict, with a high stagecoach of accuracy, which ninth- foolrs provide go to college. The emphasis in our study is on how 1 See, for example, Leslie and Brinkman (1987), Savoca (1990), Schwartz (1986), and Mortenson and Wu (1990). SECTION I. INTRODUCTION 1 MATHTECH, INC.early indicators, such as expectations and course-taking behavior in the 8th grade, ar related to college citeing six years later. 2 Last, we explore whether fiscal aid availability is a critical factor in determining PSE attendance. The combined effect of shifting federal support from grants to loans, and college guardianship increasing at a rate faster than inflation atomic number 18 expected to take a mammoth impact on enrollment patterns for base income yo uth. This report examines noesis of and attitudes toward monetary aid, and the relationship betwixt such factors and PSE attendance.We also examine the effect of monetary aid receipt on PSE attendance. In summary, the of import research questions addressed in this report are 1. 2. 3. 4. What percentage of students attend PSE, and what types of PSE do they attend? How are income and test score related to who goes to college? What factors, including high school experiences, are especially important in determining college enrollment patterns? Is financial aid availability a critical factor for determining PSE attendance? The rest of the report proceeds as follows.Section II describes the literature on individual and institutional factors that impact PSE attendance. Section III provides an overview of the data apply in this report. It describes the NELS data, the NPSAS data, savours and weights used in the study, and correction of measurement errors for take in techniques. S ection IV examines who goes to college. The section highlights the main answers to the starting 2 research questions posed above, in a univariate or multivariate framework. Section V examines factors related to PSE attendance.Section VI explores the importance of financial aid, including knowledge of financial aid, financial aid finishings, and the relationship amid being offered financial aid and PSE attendance. Last, we include a bibliography of cited references. The executive summary (at the beginning of the report) highlights our findings and provides policy implications. An NCES study, not yet released, has focused on the pipeline to higher(prenominal)(prenominal) education using the NELS data (NCES, 1997). SECTION I. INTRODUCTION 2 2 MATHTECH, INC. maven subset of analysis for this study is the group of low income, high test score students.Low income, high test score students may choose the potential to benefit greatly from PSE attendance and, t presentfore, we want to identify factors or constraints, particularly financial ones, that might limit the students educational opportunities beyond high school. SECTION I. INTRODUCTION 3 MATHTECH, INC. II. literary productions brushup Much of the research on college enrollment patterns is founded upon the human capital model Gary Becker advanced. According to this theory, one decides to enroll in college as an investment in future earning power.Individuals calculate the value of attending college by comparison costs (direct and indirect) with expected income gains, and they make the decision that will maximize their utility over the long term. To clear enrollment behavior according to this model, it is necessary to look at such factors as teaching levels, student financial aid, average wages for high school graduates, and the difference in lifetime earnings between high school and college graduates. Economists and others agree, however, that non-monetary factors also play a major part in the colle ge enrollment decision.Sociologists models of term attainment drive give noticeed a number of background variables that join with economic factors to influence college plans. These include twain personal traits (e. g. , pedantic ability) and interpersonal factors, such as the level of encouragement a student receives from parents and teachers. Hossler and Maple (1993) suggest that individual decisions on enrollment can be broken down into three stages predisposition, search, and choice. According to their research, students who will ultimately attend college can be differentiated from those who will not as early as the ninth grade.Within the econometric and sociological models outlined above, the factors affecting enrollment in college can be divided into two world(a) types those specific to individual students, such as academic achievement and maternal(p) education levels, and those specific to educational or vocational alternatives, such as college tutelage, financial aid, and unemployment levels. Students enrollment decisions can be viewed as jointly determined by their individual characteristics and the institutional or societal conditions that prevail. We outgrowth review individual traits that affect college enrollment, and then institutional determinants.SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 4 MATHTECH, INC. A. individual FACTORS THAT venture COLLEGE ENROLLMENT Several studies prevail used data from the National Longitudinal Study of the gamey instruct Class of 1972 (NLS72), the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, Youth Cohort (NLSY), and the high-pitched School and Beyond Survey (HSB) to examine the factors affecting college enrollments. Manski and impudent (1983), Rouse (1994), and a number of others suck used the variables included in these data sets to estimate polynomial logit models of enrollment decisions.Among the researchers, there seems to be respectable agreement regarding the individual traits that help to det ermine enrollment. These traits are discussed below. Manski and Wise (1983) presented a key fruit point, namely that the enrollment process begins with the students decision to apply to college. This is much more important than the decisions made by college admissions personnel, since most would-be college students are likely to be admitted to slightly postsecondary institution of average quality.Jackson (1988) reports that in 1972, more than 97 percent of college applicants were admitted to at least one of their top three choices. The factors of greatest interest, then, are those that cause the student to seek to enroll. Both Manski and Wise (1983) and Rouse (1994) find that individual traits such as achievement levels, high school class rank, and parental education levels are of primary importance in determining the likelihood of a students applying to college.They state that higher family income levels increase the probability of application as well, but to a lesser extent. Man ski and Wise also cite a peer or high school quality effect, such that the larger the share of a high school seniors classmates who attend 4-year schools, the more likely he or she will be to do the same. A recent NCES report (1997) describes the relationship among six risk factors (such as changing schools two or more times) and PSE attendance rates. St. whoremaster and Noell (1989) and St. John (1990) draw similar conclusions from the NLS72 and HSB data sets.St. John and Noell state that certain complaisant background variables appear to make college enrollment more likely. These include higher test scores, higher grades, higher SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 MATHTECH, INC. maternal education levels,3 and family income, as cited by Manski and Wise and Rouse. otherwise key variables include participation in an academic track during high school and high postsecondary aspirations, as measured by students reporting of the highest level of schooling they expect to achieve.Hossler and Maple (1993) find that parental education levels have a stronger effect on enrollment plans than student ability or income level. Other background factors that researchers have found to be significant include the level of parental encouragement (Hossler, Braxton, and Coopersmith, 1989) and students own expectations about the college decision (Borus and Carpenter, 1984). Jackson (1988) concludes that test scores, grades, taking part in a college preparatory program, and attending a school with many college-going peers are the student attributes most important for college enrollment.Kohn, Manski, and Mundel (1976) report that parents education level has a official effect on a students likelihood of enrollment, but state that this effect decreases as family income rises. A number of researchers have examined the effects of family income levels on college enrollment. Manski (199216) concludes that there are persistent patterns of stratification of college enrollments by income. Both Manski (1992) and Kane (1995) present census data for multi-year periods that show, for ascending income levels, a steadily increasing percentage of 18to 19-year-old symbiotic family members enrolled in college.Using the same data source, Clotfelter (1991) and Mortenson and Wu (1990) cite positive income effects for the 18- to 24year-old group as well. Hauser (1993) finds large family income effects on college enrollment for White and Hispanic families, but he finds no such effects for B drop families. 3 St. John and Noell do not include paternal education levels as a variable in their study. Manski and Wise and Rouse consider maternal and paternal education levels as crock up variables, but present their conclusions in terms of parental education levels as a whole.Most of the studies reviewed here do not distinguish between mothers and fathers education levels. One exception is the study by Kohn, Manski and Mundel (1976). This study estimates a model using sub examples of th e SCOPE survey from two different states. While one group shows that the fathers education level has a great effect on the likelihood of college attendance than does the mothers, the other group shows the mothers education level as having a greater effect. SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 6 MATHTECH, INC. B. INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT COLLEGE ENROLLMENT.In addition to the factors that operate at an individual level, researchers have found a variety of institutional factors, or factors pertaining to educational and vocational alternatives, that affect college enrollment levels. Manski and Wise (1983) include among these factors tuition level, quality of school (as measured by the average combined SAT score of incoming freshmen), and the availability of government and institutional financial aid.Rouse (1994) examines the factor of proximity by estimating changes in enrollments that would result from decreasing the average outstrip to the nearest 2-year college. She also considers the effects of tuition levels and financial aid availability, as well unemployment rates, which serve as a measure of competing opportunities available to high school seniors.Tuition levels are another institutional factor with a significant effect on college enrollment. Leslie and Brinkman (1987) review 25 studies on this subject, and find a general consensus that a $100 increase in tuition nationwide, in 19821983 academic year dollars, would result in a 6 percent decline in the college participation rate for the 18- to 24-year-old group.Savoca (1990) makes the point that high tuition levels may lessen postsecondary enrollments in the aggregate by discouraging some students from ever applying to college. The effects of tuition levels are moderated in many cases by the effects of financial aid. McPherson and Schapiro (1991) state that the variable of interest should be net cost, or tuition less financial aid. At the initial stages of the enrollment decision, however, students often lack education on their eligibility for financial aid and the amount of aid they would be likely to receive.Researchers have differing views regarding the effects of financial aid on enrollment at different types of institutions. Reyes (1994) finds that increases in financial aid positively affect both 2-year and 4-year college enrollment rates, based on information from the NLSY and HSB. Manski and Wise (1983), using the NLS72, conclude that financial aid affects students decisions to attend 2-year institutions, as opposed to not going to college at all. However, this study finds that enrollments at 4-year schools have little sensitivity to the availability of financial aid.Manski and Wise do not consider the effect of financial aid on the students choice between a 2-year and a 4-year institution. SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 MATHTECH, INC. Other researchers have compared the effects of decreasing tuition with the effects of increasing financial aid. Manski and Wise (1983) fin d that for those attending 2-year schools, an additional dollar of financial aid would be worth more than a one dollar reduction in tuition. St. John (1990172) also finds that college applicantsare more responsive to changes in student aid than to changes in tuition, except for those in the upper income group. Kane (1995), however, argues that while financial aid increases may be more equitable because they are means tested, they are not as effective as decreases in tuition. This is a consequence of the complexity of the financial aid application process and the unwillingness of low income families to borrow to finance a college education. When studying the effect of tuition and financial aid on PSE enrollment, the group to be especially concerned about is low income students.Leslie and Brinkman (1987) and Savoca (1990) find that tuition levels affect enrollment decisions for low income students much more than for middle and upper income groups. By the same token, the availability o f financial aid is a much more crucial factor for those at lower income levels. Orfield (1992) notes that the maximum Pell grant is less than fifth of the tuition at an elite university. Such a gap between aid and costs, he contends, may steer many low income students toward lower cost schools. Hearns 1991 study supports this hypothesis.He finds that when academic ability, achievement, and other factors are controlled for, lower income students are especially likely to choose institutions of lower selectivity. Schwartz (1985) finds that low income students are touch differently by publicly provided financial aid and aid supplied by institutions. He states that public grants tend to promote greater equity among income groups in college enrollment. Private grants, however, are often awarded on the basis of academic ability, and they tend to favor students who could afford to go to college without them.Clotfelter (1991) expresses the same concern about the effects of institutional ai d. Manski and Wise (1983) note that even public aid is not always awarded where the need is greatest. They state that in 1979, 59 percent of Basic studyal Opportunity Grants were awarded to students who would probably have gone to college in the absence of such aid. put back 1 summarizes the data sources used in the studies mentioned here. SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 8 MATHTECH, INC.Table 1 MAIN DATA SOURCES FOR WORKS CITED IN LITERATURE REVIEW STUDY Borus, Michael E.and Carpenter, Susan A. , Factors Associated with College Attendance of soaring-School Seniors (1984) Clotfelter, Charles T. , need for Undergraduate Education (1991) Hauser, Robert M. , Trends in College Entry among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics (1993) Hearn, James C. , Academic and Nonacademic Influences on the College Destinations of 1980 High School Graduates (1991) Hossler, Don, Braxton, John and Coopersmith, Georgia, Understanding College Choice (1989).Hossler, Don and Maple, Sue, Being Undecided about Posts econdary Education (1993) Jackson, Gregory A., Did College Choice Change during the mid-seventies? (1988) Kane, Thomas, Rising Public College Tuition and College Entry How Well Do Public Subsidies Promote Access to College? (1995) Kohn, Meir G. , Manski, Charles F. , and Mundel, David S. , An experiential Investigation of Factors which Influence College-going Behavior (1976) Leslie, Larry L. , and Brinkman, Paul T. , Student Price Response in high Education (1987) Manski, Charles F. , and Wise, David A. , College Choice in America (1983) Manski, Charles F. , Income and higher(prenominal) Education (1992)McPherson, Michael S., and Schapiro, Morton Owen, Does Student Aid Affect College Enrollment? new-fashioned Evidence on a Persistent Controversy (1991) Mortenson, Thomas G. , and Wu, Zhijun, High School Graduation and College date of Young Adults by Family Income Backgrounds 1970 to 1989 (1990) National Center for Education Statistics. Confronting the Odds Students At Risk and the Pipeline to Higher Education (1997). MAIN DATA SOURCES 1979 and 1980 National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience, Youth Cohort (NLSY) reassessment of studies done by others, with data from online Population Survey ( round) and High.School and Beyond (HSB) CPS HSB, Higher Education Research Institute (HERI) data Review of studies done by others Cluster sample of 5,000 inch ninth graders National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 (NLS72), HSB NLSY, HSB, CPS School to College Opportunities for Postsecondary Education (SCOPE) Survey Meta-analysis of studies done by others NLS72 NLS72, HSB, CPS Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP) data, CPS HSB, Current Population Report, CPS NELS SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW.9 MATHTECH, INC. STUDY Orfield, Gary, Money, Equity, and College Access (1992) Reyes, Suzanne, The College Enrollment Decision The component part of the Guaranteed Student Loan (1994) Rouse, Cecilia Elena, What to Do after High Sc hool The Two-Year versus Four-Year College Enrollment Decision (1994) St. John, Edward P. , and Noell, Jay, The effects of Student Financial Aid on Access to Higher Education An Analysis of Progress with particular Consideration of Minority Enrollment (1989) St. John, Edward P., Price Response in Enrollment DecisionsAn Analysis of the High School and Beyond Sophomore Cohort (1990) Savoca, Elizabeth, Another Look at the Demand for Higher Education measure the Price Sensitivity of the Decision to Apply to College (1990) Schwartz, J. Brad, Student Financial Aid and the College Enrollment Decision The effectuate of Public and Private Grants and Interest Subsidies (1985) Schwartz, J. Brad, Wealth Neutrality in Higher Education The Effects of Student Grants (1986) MAIN DATA SOURCES Review of history of federal student financial aid programs NLSY, HSB NLSY, HSB, CPS.NLS72, HSB HSB NLS72 HSB, CPS HSB, CPS SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 10 MATHTECH, INC. III. DATA A. NELS DATA While a numb er of studies have used data from the National Longitudinal Survey, Youth Cohort (NLSY), the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 (NLS72), and the High School and Beyond Survey (HSB) to examine the factors affecting college enrollments, this work swither is among the first to use NELS to analyze these types of issues. In 1988, NELS initially surveyed over 24,000 public and mystical school eighth graders throughout the United States.The nationally representative eighth grade cohort was tested in quaternary subjects (mathematics, reading, science, and social studies). Two teachers of each student (representing two of the four subjects) were also surveyed, as was an administrator from each school. On average, each of the 1,052 participating schools was represented by 24 students and five teachers. Parents were also surveyed, providing researchers with detailed information on family background variables.Since 1988, the initial eighth grade cohort has been re-s urveyed three times (and has been freshened with new sample members). The first follow-up of NELS ( confine, 1990), included the same components as the base year study, with the exception of the parent survey, which was not implemented in the 1990 round. It also included a component on early dropouts (those who left school between the end of eighth grade and the end of 10th grade). The second follow-up (spring, 1992), repeated all components of the first follow-up study and also included a parent questionnaire.However, this time only one teacher of each student ( any a mathematics or a science teacher) was asked to complete a teacher questionnaire. High school transcript data were also collected for these students. A subsample of the NELS88 second follow-up sample was again followed-up in the spring of 1994, when most sample members had been out of high school for 2 years. In all, 14,915 students were surveyed, most through computer-assisted telephone interviewing.Major content area s for the third follow-up questionnaire were education histories work experience histories work-related training family formation opinions and other experiences occurrence or SECTION III. DATA 11 MATHTECH, INC. non-occurrence of significant life events and income. Data collection for this wave began on February 4, and ended on August 13, 1994. At the time the data were collected, most of the respondents were 2 years out of high school. Table 2 summarizes the components of the different waves of the surveys.Table 2 OVERVIEW OF NELS NELS Components Grades included Cohort Base Year Spring term 1988 grade 8 students questionnaire, tests questionnaire questionnaire two teachers per student (taken from reading, mathematics, science, or social studies) First reassessment Spring term 1990 modal grade = sophomore students, dropouts questionnaire, tests none questionnaire two teachers per student (taken from reading, mathematics, science, or social studies) Second Follow-up Spring term 1992 modal grade = senior students, dropouts questionnaire, tests, H. S.transcripts questionnaire questionnaire one teacher per student (taken from mathematics or science).Third Follow-up Spring 1994 H. S. + 2 years all individuals questionnaire none none none Parents Principals Teachers B. NPSAS DATA Because the NELS database does not acquit detailed information on financial aid, the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) database is used to appurtenance our study with additional financial aid information. This database is used to predict financial aid for the respondents in NELS based on demographic and other characteristics that are available in both databases.NPSAS is constructed specifically to provide information on financing of postsecondary education, so it is a good candidate for this use. This database surveys a nationally representative sample of undergrad, graduate, and first-professional students attending less than 2-year, 2-year, 4-year, and doctoral granting institutions. Both students who receive and those who do not receive financial aid are surveyed. SECTION III. DATA 12 MATHTECH, INC. The 1993 NPSAS study collected information on more than 78,000 undergraduate and graduate students at about 1,100 institutions.To be eligible, students must have been enrolled between May 1, 1992 and April 30, 1993 at a postsecondary institution in the United States or Puerto Rico. The students had to be enrolled in courses for credit, and in a program of 3 months or longer. Also eligible for inclusion were students who received a bachelors degree between July 1, 1992 and June 30, 1993. Students who were enrolled in a GED program or who were also enrolled in high school were not included. C. savor AND WEIGHTS Of the 14,915 respondents in the third NELS follow-up, 13,120 are represented in all four waves of the NELS data.The remaining 1,795 respondents are any first follow-up freshened students,4 second follow-up freshened students,5 base-year ineligi bles,6 or base-year eligible students who declined to participate in one or more of the survey waves, but who did participate in the third survey wave. The breakdown of these 1,795 respondents is as follows 501 first follow-up freshened students, 102 second follow-up freshened students, 271 base-year ineligibles, and 921 base-year eligibles with missing survey waves.To take advantage of the longitudinal nature of the NELS data and to be consistent across models and issues in the report, we focus our work on the sample of 13,120 respondents represented in all four waves of the NELS data. Consequently, the weight used in our analyses, (F3PNLWT) applies to sample members who completed questionnaires in all four rounds of NELS88. As a result, the longitudinal analyses that we conduct, and the estimates that are produced in this study can only be used to make projections to the population of spring 1988 eighth graders.In the descriptive tables, all percentages are weighted using F3PNLWT, including the analyses with the high school transcript data. Those who were tenth graders in 1990 but were not in the base-year sampling frame, either because they were not in the country or because they were not in the eighth grade in the spring term of 1988. Those who were 12th graders in 1992 but were not in either the base year or first follow-up sampling frames, either because they were not in the country or because they were not in the eighth (10th) grade in the spring term of 1988 (1990).6 5 4 Students excluded in 1988 receivable to linguistic, mental, or physical obstacles to participation. 13 SECTION III. DATA MATHTECH, INC. This sample includes dropouts, since the purpose of this study is to examine the boilersuit question of what characteristics of eighth graders in 1988 are related to PSE attendance. We focus on early indicators, such as educational expectations and course-taking behavior in the eighth grade, and not on the pipeline of high school experiences that a dr opout would lack access to.However, the dropouts were not asked the same set of survey questions as the other respondents, and, therefore, some of the analysis does not include dropouts. For each of our tables or figures, we note whether or not the dropouts are included in the analysis. D. CORRECTED STANDARD ERRORS Because NELS data are collected through a multi-stage sampling scheme, calculation of standard errors through standard methods can understate these errors. The sampling technique used in NELS is a endurance of schools, and then within schools, a selection of students.With this sampling method, the observations of different students may not be autarkical from one another. Stata, the statistical software used for analysis in this report, corrects the standard errors for these sampling techniques. Except for multinomial logit models, for which this correction is not available, survey correction techniques are used, and we note whenever the corrections are not used. However , we have found that such corrections do not have a large effect on our results, and therefore, we present all results with confidence. E. VARIABLE DEFINITIONS.The appendix to this study contains definitions of the key variables used in our analysis. For each key variable, we describe how we constructed the variable and we list the names of the NELS variables used in the construction. SECTION III. DATA 14 MATHTECH, INC. IV. WHO GOES TO COLLEGE? A. WHAT counterpoise OF STUDENTS ATTEND COLLEGE, AND WHAT TYPE OF COLLEGE DID THEY ATTEND? We begin our analysis by examining the demographics of postsecondary school choice and discussing our main findings regarding college attendance rates and types of postsecondary education (PSE) attended.As shown in Table 3, a majority of 1988 eighth graders attend some type of PSE by 1994. Overall, 62. 7 percent of the respondents attend PSE. (Note that in all of the tables in this report, all percentages are weighted. ) Students are most likely to att end a 4-year public or a less than 4-year public school. Approximately 24 percent of the students attend each of these types of schools. Next most common are 4-year privy schools. Just over 11 percent of the respondents attend 4-year private schools.Only 4 percent of the respondents attend less than 4-year private schools. Thirty-seven percent of the respondents do not attend any type of PSE. Women are slightly more likely than men to attend PSE. While 60 percent of men attend PSE, 65 percent of women attend. Women are more likely than men to attend 4-year private schools and less than 4-year private schools. Native Americans, Blacks, and Hispanics are least likely to attend PSE and Asians and Pacific Islanders are most likely to attend PSE.Hispanics are most likely to attend less than 4year private schools. Students whose parents have higher education levels are much more likely to attend PSE. While only 33 percent of students whose parents have less than a high school education a ttend PSE, 90 percent of students whose parents have an advanced degree attend PSE. SECTION IV. WHO GOES TO COLLEGE? 15 MATHTECH, INC. Table 3 DEMOGRAPHICS OF POSTSECONDARY SCHOOL CHOICE1 No PSE 4-Year Public 4-Year Private.