Malaysian construction industry system

Malaysian twirl diligence corpseINTRODUCTIONThe Malaysian bodily coordinate pains is chthoniangoing a transitional change from an industry employing formal technology to a more overbearing and mechanized constitution. This new system is now known as the industrialise Building System (IBS). This new regularity of bodily complex body part check improver productivity and character reference of work with the accustom of better formulation machinery, equipment, poppycocks and extensive pre-project planning. This acquire becomes very necessary since in that location is yet no organized body, which give the gate provide the necessary information on the grammatical saying move up comparison amid the formulaic system and industrialized build system in Malaysias eddy industry. This study as well addresses the create make up comparison of the conventional system and industrialized building system of formwork system. It provides the expatiate building co st among the conventional system and the formwork system and indicates which of the ii is cheaper. The data were placid through questionnaire survey and case study, which consisting of institutional buildings. with the statistical testt-test it is shown that on that point is a signifi crappert fight in cost saving for the conventional system as comp ard to the formwork system (industrialized building system).The Malaysian turn industry is undergoing a transitional change from an industry employing conventional technologies to a more systematic and mechanized system employing the latter(prenominal)lyst computing device and communication technologies. This is vital for the hereafter health of the industry, given the trend towards spherical competition and the advent of the k-economy.The Industrialized Building System (IBS) has been introduced in Malaysia since the 60s by the use of formed cover beam- pillar elements. Since the demand of building formula has change magn itude rapidly, it is necessary to innovate a construction regularity, which speeds up the building construction procedure. To sum-up, in general, the IBS is a orderology whereby a local construction industry is driven towards the adoption of an integrated and encouraging key players in the construction industry to produce and utilize pre-fabricated and mass product of the building at their work posts. This exit help to enhance the efficiency of construction process, al petty(a)ing a higher(prenominal) productivity, and feel, succession and cost saving.The construction cost of a building employ formed components should be assessed in its overall context. The conventional method of costing by temporal quantities with a fixed factor for churn cost discount deuce-ace to incorrect estimation. For example, if sedulousness usage is halved, this allow for more than compensate for a 10% material increase. More importantly, at that redact is saving in time. Also, if correc tly designed and executed, pre clay sculpture can lead to more better attribute of work. The overall cost preserve of precast has therefore to take all these factors into con facial expressionration. With the rising costs of labor and little assurance of dependable skilled manpower, the trend is that precast construction will become increasingly competitive comp atomic number 18d to cast-in-place construction?PRECAST CONCRETE braidIntroductionEvery construction material system has its own characteristics which to a greater or little extend influence the layout, span length, construction depth, stability system, and so on This is too the case for precast cover, non exclusively in comparison to steel, wood, masonry social systems, but likewise with respect to cast unmoved cover. Theoretically, all critical points mingled with the precast units could be do in such a way that the completed precast structure has the like monumental concept as a unmoved one. Howeve r, this is a wrong approach one, which is very labour intensive costly. If the full advantages of precast cover atomic number 18 to be realized, the structure should be conceived according to its specific design ismLong spans, appropriate stability concept, simple details, etc. Designers should from the very root of the project consider the possibilities, restrictions advantages of precast cover, its detailing, manufacturer, transport, erection serviceability stages before complete a design in precast cover. formed cover system enables faster programmed times not affected by weather or labour shortages. Improves buildability early enclosure of dry envelope enables follow-on trades to start sooner. Produces a high standard of workmanship in grinder conditions reduces potential for accidents, addresses on-the-scene(prenominal) skill shortage. Has a high quality finish that can be left open concretes thermal properties can be exploited in low-energy buildings.PRIMARY FUNCTIONSKeep body of water outPr train(p)t air escape cock comprise lightControl radiation of heatControl conductivity of heatControl soundSECONDARY FUNCTIONSResist wind forcesControl water vaporAdjust to movementThermal and moisture involution or contractionStructural movementsResist fireWeather gracefullyEasy to installArchitectural precast concrete provides architects with an exciting speciality when designing facades for a wide range of buildings, from healthcargon facilities to shopping malls, commercial message office buildings to sports stadiums. formed concrete providesComplete thermal protection ceaseless air/vapour barrierEffective rain screensSuperior life hi spirit levelReduced construction schedule and on- localise labourHigh quality control standardsNumerous finish options and coloursCATEGORIES OF PRECAST BUILDING SYSTEMSPrecast buildings constitute a significant fraction of the building stock in the republics of the former Soviet Union and Eastern European c ountries. Depending on the bearing(prenominal) structure, precast systems can be divided into the following categoriesLarge- embellish systemsFrame systemsSlab-column systems with surroundsPrecast concrete floorLarge-Panel SystemsThe designation humongous- plank system refers to multistory structures composed of adult surround and floor concrete panels tie ined in the vertical and flat directions so that the wall panels enclose appropriate spaces for the rooms within a building. These panels form a box-like structure (see Figure 1). Both vertical and swimming panels resist gravitational attraction load. Wall panels argon usually one story high. Horizontal floor and roof panels span either as one-way or two-way slabs. When properly joined unneurotic, these horizontal elements act as diaphragms that absent the squinty scores to the walls.Depending on the wall layout, there be three basic configurations of larger-panel buildingsCross-wall system. The briny walls that res ist sombreness and lateral loads be lay in the short direction of the building.Longitudinal-wall system. The walls resisting gravity and lateral loads atomic number 18 placed in the longitudinal direction usually, there is only one longitudinal wall, exclude for the system with two longitudinal walls. Two-way system. The walls atomic number 18 placed in both(prenominal) directions.Thickness of wall panels ranges from 120 mm for interior walls to 300 mm for exterior walls. stage panel thickness is 60 mm. Wall panel length is mate to the room length, typically on the order of 2.7m to 3.6 m. In some cases, there are no exterior wall panels and the faade walls are make of lightweight concrete. A typical interior wall panel is shown in Figure 2.Panel connections represent the key structural components in these systems. found on their location within a building, these connections can be sift into vertical and horizontal joints. Vertical joints connect the vertical faces of adjoining wall panels and primarily resist vertical seismic shear forces. Horizontal joints connect the horizontal faces of the adjoining wall and floor panels and resist both gravity and seismic loads.Depending on the construction method, these joints can be classified as stiff and dry. Wet joints are constructed with cast-in-place concrete poured between the precast panels. To get wind structural continuity, protruding reinforcing forbid from the panels (dowels) are welded, looped, or another(prenominal) acute machine-accessible in the joint region before the concrete is placed. Dry joints are constructed by bolting or welding together steel plates or other steel inserts cast into the ends of the precast panels for this purpose. Wet joints more closely penny-pinching cast-in-place construction, whereas the force transfer in structures with dry joints is polite at trenchant points.Frame SystemsPrecast systema skeletales can be constructed employ either elongate elements or spatial beam-column subassemblages. Precast beam-column subassemblages take a shit the advantage that the connecting faces between the subassemblages can be placed away from the critical frame regions however, linear elements are in general preferred because of the difficulties associated with forming, intervention, and build spatial elements. The use of linear elements generally means placing the connecting faces at the beam-column junctions. The beams can be seated on corbels at the columns, for ease of construction and to aid the shear transfer from the beam to the column. The beam-column joints accomplished in this way are hinged. However, rigid beam-column connections are apply in some cases, when the continuity of longitudinal living through the beam-column joint necessarily to be ensured. The load-bearing structure consists of a precast reinforced concrete space frame and precast floor slabs. The space frame is constructed using two chief(prenominal) modular elemen ts a cruciform element and a linear beam element. The cruciform element consists of the transverse frame joint with half of the adja centime beam and column lengths. The longitudinal frames are constructed by installing the precast beam elements in between the transverse frame joints. The precast elements are joined by welding the projected reenfor cementum bars (dowels) and casting the concrete in place.Slab-Column Systems with Shear WallsThese systems rely on shear walls to sustain lateral load effects, whereas the slab-column structure resists mainly gravity loads. There are two main systems in this categoryLift-slab system with wallsPrestressed slab-column systemPrecast columns are usually two stories high. All precast structural elements are assembled by means of special joints. Reinforced concrete slabs are poured on the ground in forms, one on poll of the other. Precast concrete floor slabs are lifted from the ground up to the final height by lifting cranes. The slab panels are lifted to the top of the column and then moved downwards to the final position. Temporary supports are employ to keep the slabs in the position until the connection with the columns has been achieved. In the connections, the steel bars (dowels) that project from the edges of the slabs are welded to the dowels of the adjacent components and transverse reinforcement bars are installed in place. The connections are then filled with concrete that is poured at the berth. more or less buildings of this causa provoke some kind of lateral load-resisting elements, mainly consisting of cast-in-place or precast shear walls, etc. In case lateral load-resisting elements (shear walls, etc.) are not present, the lateral load direction depends on the ability of the slab-column connections to transfer bending moments. When the connections have been sadly constructed, this is not possible, and the lateral load path may be incomplete. Another suit of precast system is a slab-column system that uses horizontal prestressing in two orthogonal directions to achieve continuity. The precast concrete column elements are 1 to 3 stories high. The reinforced concrete floor slabs fit the clear span between columns. After erecting the slabs and columns of a story, the columns and floor slabs are prestressed by means of prestressing tendons that pass through ducts in the columns at the floor level and along the gaps left between adjacent slabs. After prestressing, the gaps between the slabs are filled with in situ concrete and the tendons then become bonded with the spans. Seismic loads are resisted mainly by the shear walls (precast or cast-in-place) positioned between the columns at appropriate locations.Precast concrete FloorThe principle advantages of precast floors are speed of construction, absence of scaffolding, large pastiche of types, large span capacity, economy. Precast floors can also be classified according to their manufacture into bely partially precast floor s. entirely precast floors are composed of units, which are totally cast at the kit and caboodle. After erection, the units are connected to the structure the longitudinal joints are grouted. In some cases a cast in-situ structural topping screed is added. partially precast floors are composed of a precast part a cast in-situ part. Both parts are working together at the final stage to achieve the composite structural capacity. The main totally precast floor roof types are described here later. received IN-SITU CONSTRUCTIONConventional locution MethodConventional construction encompasses traditional forms of structural load-bearing elements typically composed of concrete, brickwork and structural steel. We are well-versed in all forms of conventional construction and have substantial in-house capacity. The legal age of our commercial and unique residential products to date have utilized conventional methods of construction. A number of designers that we have worked with tend t o express the structural elements of the construction, from exposed beams, cantilevered slabs and stairs, to exposed structural steelwork. This requires a high degree of accuracy as well as a high level of workmanship both of which are easily attained using our in-house skills. Conventional building method is defined as components of the building that are pre-fabricated on site through the processes or note or plywood formwork installation, steel reinforcement and cast in-situ. Conventional buildings are, mostly built of reinforced concrete frames. The traditional construction method uses wooden formwork. It is much more costly for construction, which includes labor, raw material, transfer of training and low speed of construction time.Cast-in-situ Construction MethodThis system is qualified for a country where unskilled labor is limited. There is no tough machinery or high technology involved. The system is technically applicable to well-nigh all types of building. Formwork is apply as a mould, where arch concrete, is poured into a shipboard system. The temporary system also acts as a temporary support for the structures. The objective of in-situ method is to eliminate and to reduce the traditional site base trades like traditional timber formwork, brickwork, and p tolerateering and to reduce labor content. A carefully planned in-situ work can maximise the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction. Cast in-situ method uses lightweight prefabricated formwork made of steel/fiberglass/aluminum that is easily erected and dismantled. The steel reinforcement is placed within the formwork as they are being erected and concrete is poured into the mould. When the concrete is pit according to the needed strength the mould is dismantled. The doers can be prepare easily to erect the moulds and set the steel reinforcement. Its advantages over the traditional construction method are, its low skill requirement, can be quickly constructed, fear is low, structure is durable and cost can be less.In-situ method is to eliminate and reduce the traditional site based trades like traditional timber formwork, brickwork, plastering and to reduce labor content. Carefully planned in-situ work can maximize the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction. The formwork system is based on the combination of pre-fabrication and in-situ conventional construction, which frolics the function of permanent concrete for elements kinda of conventional timber formwork.Differences Between In situ and Precast Construction MethodLabourPrecast construction method only use semi-skilled workers and dont use skill or unskilled- worker in construction process. Economies are generated through trim down requirements for formwork, access scaffolding and less reliance on wet trades. Reduced on-site supervision by the main asserter is also a saving. So for precast construction method, labours are not use 100 percent for making for mwork, access scaffolding, and handle wet concrete. Due to speed of construction, gives earlier return on investment, freeing up the project critical path and allowing earlier completion. It is estimated that a precast structure takes up to 20% less time to construct than a comparable cast in situ structure, using labour can be late because of rest time and energy of a labour. For quality and accuracy, precast construction methods will more quality n accuracy than in situ. This ensures that reinforcement bars are accurately located and that clients receive high quality products manufactured to controlled dimensional tolerances. Precast method delivers a high exercise product with a quality appearance. Have a high quality finish that can be left exposed concretes thermal properties can be exploited in low-energy buildings because all of the equipment are made up in factory.In situ construction method use skilled worker, semi-skilled worker, and un-skilled worker in construction pr ocess. Labour can amenable to almost any(prenominal) design and labour can alteration the design in last minute construction process. Design can survive as the structure is built because labour takes a time to build. Construction can proceed independently of weather conditions because workers still can proceed the work even though whether are not good. Construction process is easily utilise for two way structural systems because labour utilize two ways structural system in construction process. It is not necessary to behave for crane on site because of labour can take instead of crane functions.WastageEnvironmental and manufacturing conditions at a precast concrete plant are easily monitored. The production of precast concrete elements takes place under controlled conditions in enclosed factories. This makes the control of manufacturing, devour, emissions, noise levels, etc. cushy compared with the same processes at a building site. The raw material consumption is alike for similar qualities of concrete, whether the production takes place in a factory, at a ready-mix plant or at a building site. The raw material decompose in precast concrete production is very small.The process of preparing mild steel reinforcement may be the same for a precaster as for a contractor at a building site, except that precasters will usually have less muff. This results in better utilization of the steel and less consumption of natural resources. Surplus materials are generated during the production of precast elements. Much surplus material is recyclable, and consists mainly of hardened concrete with or without reinforcement, steel reinforcement and pieces of structural steel, plywood and other wooden materials, fresh concrete (from production and washing of equipment), slurry from the sawing of concrete, insulating materials (mineral wool and polystyrene), oil etc. from machinery and paper and other packaging materials.The amount of surplus material varies between fac tories and polar types of production. Studies in the Scandinavian countries have shown that the magnitude is typically active 100 kg of surplus material per m3 of concrete produced. About 40% of the surplus material is fresh and hardened concrete and about 45% is beetle offwater from washing equipment and sawing slurry generated during hollow core slab production. It is possible to collect and sort different types of surplus materials in precast plants. Excess materials that can be recycled and reused include steel, wood, insulating materials, oil, paper and other packaging materials. Wood can be sorted out, cut and used as industrial firewood, or used for other construction purposes.Buildings are constructed with traditional cast in-situ concrete, using timber formworks. Building that timber formwork was the major contributor to construction waste, be for 30% of the total identified waste. Wet trades, such as concreting, masonry, plastering and tiling on-site were considered as the second major waste generator, business relationship for 20% of the total on-site waste generated. A recent study demonstrated that the off-cuts from cutting materials were a major cause of wastage during construction. Waste also arises as a result of design concepts and decisions.Case studies in Sri LankaIn the construction industry, it is well known that there is a relatively large volume of material being wasted imputable to a variety of reasons. The problem of material waste on construction sites is not an uncaring reappearance and is of environmental concern. Therefore, waste minimization has become an important issue in the construction industry. The aim of this research was mainly to identify the pre-cast ploughshare to the construction waste minimization in the Sri Lankan construction industry, through a comparison of material waste arising from pre-cast, ready- complex and site-mixed concrete.Data were collected from 27 building construction projects and three concr ete elements slabs, beams, and columns, were considered to valuate construction waste. To compare the wastage ascribable to pre-cast involvement with other types, three categories of building projects were used, including projects using pre-cast concrete elements, in situ concrete elements site mix, and in- situ concrete elements ready mix.The data for the study were collected from 27 multi-storey housing constructions projects, of which, seven projects used pre-cast construction and 20 projects used in situ construction. The wastage was compared between the basic materials used for three types of concrete elements are columns, beams and slabs. In this study, material wastage includes waste arising from manufacturing process at the factory level to the site level. For instance, material waste of pre-cast and ready-mixed concrete were quantified considering the waste arising from manufacturing process at factory level to usage at construction site. However, it was identified that waste during the transportation of ready-mix concrete and pre-cast elements is negligible. Further, waste of pre-cast elements at the site level was also noted as almost zero and, hence only the factory level waste was considered for the analysis. Techniques of material reconciliation were used to analyse the waste of ready-mix concrete and pre-cast elements at the site level, while work studies were used to quantify the waste of site-mixed concrete at the site level and wastage of ready-mix concrete and pre-cast concrete at the factory level.Pre-cast concrete wasteThe mean wastages of cement, sandpaper and surface amounted to 5.34 per cent, 13.86 per cent and 7.62 per cent respectively demo the lower set compared with the material wastages in the other two situations (Table III). Further, it was shown that there is a noticeable difference in the generation of material waste between pre-casts and in situ (Figures 1 and 2). The main reason behind this may be due to the negligib le wastes arisen during transportation and installation at the site. The pre-cast concrete elements transported to the site were stored unit wise by during transportation had been minimized and identified as zero. Since pre-cast elements were supplied according to the required length, waste arising during installation of elements was at a minimum level and waste occurring due to over ordering of materials was also eliminated. Further, the pre-cast elements were produced at factories under proper supervision using steel moulds which can be formed of different sizes. Therefore, the wastage of materials during manufacturing also reduced to a considerable amount.Site-mixed concrete wasteIn site-mix concrete, the mean wastages of cement, sand and metal amounted to 14.39 per cent, 25.70 per cent and 16.11 per cent respectively showing higher values compared with the material wastages in other situations (Table III). This large measurement of wastage was identified due to the lack of supe rvision, inaccurate mixing methods, inappropriate type of equipment used, poor shop of materials and poor quality workmanship and this led to higher waste of materials in ways of excess cement being used to accelerate the curing process, excess concrete being used due to the breaking of form work, higher waste in transit and handling of metal and sand and excess concrete being used in uneven surfaces (e.g. attached concrete column).Ready-mixed concrete wasteThe mean wastages of cement, sand and metal amounted to 6.61 per cent, 22.31 per cent and 13.01 per cent respectively showing the higher values than material wastages of pre-cast concrete and lower values than material wastages of site-mixed concrete (Table II). Although there was lower wastage at the factory level, the overall wastage of ready-mixed concrete showed higher values. The main reason behind this is the excess ordering of materials, large quantity of concrete remains in pump car and pump pipe and poor quality workma nship at the site level such as breaking of formwork.Case studies in Hong KongThe questionnaire survey revealed that the construction activities were closely link to the amount of waste generated. Timber formwork is the major contributor to construction waste. The wet trades associated with finishing work such as screeding, plastering and tile egg laying are identified as the second major set of waste generation processes in the construction of buildings. Concrete work and masonry work are the next most significant groups. Site activities need to be emphatic in order to reduce building waste. In general, it was estimated that about 5-10 per cent of materials ended up as waste on building sites.Pecaform radix formwork is made by laminating a layer of polyethylene to each side of a high tensile steel wire mesh. This combination creates a material that is both light and structurally strong, making it very easy to handle. It can be used for constructing ground beams, pile caps, footi ngs, curved structures, costate and waffle slabs. The formwork is cut-to-size and bent to shape at a factory and arrives at site ready for installation. There is no need to strip the formwork after the concrete has cured. Very little waste is produced. A clean and fit site can be obtained in the foundation stage.Large panel formwork compared with traditional timber formwork, metal panel system formwork has several advantages. The use of large panel formwork can save time and labour in erecting, striking and re-erecting the formwork as the panel is handled as one unit. It can also produce a concrete surface much neater than conventional timber formwork and the surface essentially needs no additional applied finishes for levelling. So far, steel is the most popular material used for the formwork and the reusability of steel formwork can be as high as 100 times, and therefore much formwork waste is reduced. On-site waste audit also indicated that large panel formwork was effective in reducing concrete waste generated by red in concreting and broken formwork, which usually accounts for about 30 per cent of the total concrete wastePrefabricated steel reinforcement system is tailor-made in plants where steel bars are mechanically cut, bent and fabricated. The completed systems are then transported to the sites for use. During the manufacturing process, the steel bars are cut and bent in a more systematic and accurate manner so that the wastage is unbroken to a minimum.Precast veneer is a new construction method for tiling works in the corridors of public housing projects in Hong Kong. The cladding panels are manufactured in the precast factory. The production processes are place wall tiles onto the steel mould face down, pour lightweight concrete onto the back of the tiles, and demould after hardening. The tiles are thus cast integrally with the lightweight concrete and no traditional tile fixing by cement mortar or adhesive is required. At the construction site, the positions for holding brackets will be set out, and cladding panels levelled and fixed. The advantages of precast cladding panels are reduced requirements on skilled labour with better end product quality, less wastage of raw materials and waste generation as wet trades on site such as plastering and tiling are eliminated, flexible time control as no setting and curing time are needed on site, and a cleaner and safer working environment.Machinery sprayed plaster was in the first place used in civil engineering applications. It now replaces the traditional cement mortar in some building projects. The major difference between the mechanised plaster and the traditional cement mortar is that the former is mixed and applied by means of a mechanised operation whilst the latter is applied and trowelled smooth by hand. The use of machinery sprayed plaster has the benefits of high productivity, low labour demand and less waste.Precast bathroom is an innovative feature in the constructi on of public housing. The wall, floor and ceiling of the bathroom are prefabricated with concrete as a whole unit and finish with tiles in the factory. PVC sleeves are also left in the structure for the future fixing of drainpipes. It is then transported to the site and installed into the final position of the building structure with the help of a crane. The only work required on site is to install the sanitary fittings, connect plumbing and electricity wiring to the building mains. Wet trades are avoided on site and this reduces material damages and wastage.Pre-cast international wall panels. Traditionally, external wall panels in high-rise residential buildings have been constructed in-situ with concrete panels finished with mosaic tiles. Pre-casting external wall panels enables panels to be pre-finished with the mosaic tiles attached together with windows and louvres installed. Building services provision can also be included. The finishes are fixed in the factory, production i s not affected by the weather, a cleaner safer production environment results in stronger bonding and less tile wastage.Pre-fabricated persona glass water tank. This type of pre-fabrication is an example of saving construction waste by materials substitution. All residential housing units of the New Harmony type include water storage on the roof of the building the normal design solution is a cast in-situ concrete tank. An alternative to the construction of the cast-in-situ concrete water tank on the roof of the building is the adoption of a pre-fabricated fibre glass tank.Pre-fabricated internal wall panels e.g. dry wall partitions, and gypsum boards may be used to replace concrete or brick walls which are then finished by plastering in-situ. This has the potential to make significant savings in construction waste because a typical residential building would have some 452m2 of internal walls per floor and typically there would be 32 or 40 floors per building. The adoption of this form of construction has minimal impact on the design tasks because the pre-fabricate